1 00:00:04,870 --> 00:00:02,550 allowed us to literally go back in time 2 00:00:07,070 --> 00:00:04,880 on mars 3 00:00:10,390 --> 00:00:07,080 the first picture will cover an area of 4 00:00:13,509 --> 00:00:10,400 176 miles mariner 4 began transmitting 5 00:00:15,910 --> 00:00:13,519 back images the first photograph that a 6 00:00:18,910 --> 00:00:15,920 human being has ever seen from the 7 00:00:21,830 --> 00:00:18,920 surface of another planet on august 20th 8 00:00:24,550 --> 00:00:21,840 1975 the first viking spaceship was 9 00:00:27,429 --> 00:00:24,560 launched you were seeing something that 10 00:00:31,080 --> 00:00:27,439 no other human has ever seen before 11 00:00:36,150 --> 00:00:31,090 former seas and mountains huge canyons 12 00:00:40,709 --> 00:00:38,150 that sense of wonderment and achievement 13 00:00:44,630 --> 00:00:40,719 and always working towards your goal 14 00:00:52,229 --> 00:00:44,640 we can do and we will do 15 00:00:57,270 --> 00:00:55,189 mars is unavoidably special we've landed 16 00:00:58,470 --> 00:00:57,280 and we've scooped we've roved we've 17 00:01:01,349 --> 00:00:58,480 orbited 18 00:01:03,430 --> 00:01:01,359 together we did it but the attitude was 19 00:01:05,830 --> 00:01:03,440 together we can do it 20 00:01:08,940 --> 00:01:05,840 the future is what you make out of it 21 00:01:11,190 --> 00:01:08,950 you can make it real 22 00:01:13,990 --> 00:01:11,200 [Music] 23 00:01:16,070 --> 00:01:14,000 and here we are with mars perseverance 24 00:01:18,950 --> 00:01:16,080 51 years later getting ready to do the 25 00:01:20,870 --> 00:01:18,960 first ever mars return mission 26 00:01:22,950 --> 00:01:20,880 eventually we can bring those samples 27 00:01:24,149 --> 00:01:22,960 back to earth and determine for the very 28 00:01:33,670 --> 00:01:24,159 first time 29 00:01:38,149 --> 00:01:35,670 i'm dc eagle of nasa's jet propulsion 30 00:01:39,749 --> 00:01:38,159 laboratory in southern california we're 31 00:01:41,749 --> 00:01:39,759 here at the kennedy space center to talk 32 00:01:44,389 --> 00:01:41,759 about nasa's next mission to the red 33 00:01:45,270 --> 00:01:44,399 planet mars 2020 and the perseverance 34 00:01:46,389 --> 00:01:45,280 rover 35 00:01:47,990 --> 00:01:46,399 and we're going to be talking about the 36 00:01:50,069 --> 00:01:48,000 science and engineering that's going to 37 00:01:52,230 --> 00:01:50,079 make this mission a great mission 38 00:01:53,670 --> 00:01:52,240 here to talk about mars 2020 we have 39 00:01:55,749 --> 00:01:53,680 today 40 00:01:58,230 --> 00:01:55,759 lori glaze 41 00:01:59,429 --> 00:01:58,240 the director of the planetary science 42 00:02:01,190 --> 00:01:59,439 division 43 00:02:03,109 --> 00:02:01,200 at nasa headquarters 44 00:02:06,389 --> 00:02:03,119 in washington 45 00:02:09,270 --> 00:02:06,399 and across the country we have with us 46 00:02:13,430 --> 00:02:09,280 jennifer trosper the deputy project 47 00:02:17,270 --> 00:02:13,440 manager for mars 2020 at jpl 48 00:02:20,390 --> 00:02:17,280 also at jpl we have farah alibay and 49 00:02:23,830 --> 00:02:20,400 she's a mobility engineer for mars 2020 50 00:02:25,990 --> 00:02:23,840 and she's of course also at jpl 51 00:02:28,150 --> 00:02:26,000 now back here at the kennedy space 52 00:02:30,949 --> 00:02:28,160 center media site we have 53 00:02:33,589 --> 00:02:30,959 ken farley who is the project scientist 54 00:02:36,869 --> 00:02:33,599 for mars 2020 55 00:02:39,589 --> 00:02:36,879 and he is from caltech 56 00:02:42,070 --> 00:02:39,599 finally we have tanya bozak and she's a 57 00:02:44,390 --> 00:02:42,080 mars 2020 scientist 58 00:02:45,670 --> 00:02:44,400 from mit 59 00:02:47,110 --> 00:02:45,680 so we're going to start things out with 60 00:02:47,830 --> 00:02:47,120 lori glaze lori 61 00:02:48,830 --> 00:02:47,840 great 62 00:02:52,309 --> 00:02:48,840 thanks 63 00:02:54,949 --> 00:02:52,319 dc so as tc says i'm the director for 64 00:02:57,589 --> 00:02:54,959 the planetary science division at nasa 65 00:03:00,949 --> 00:02:57,599 and the main goal of nasa's planetary 66 00:03:02,630 --> 00:03:00,959 program is to explore the solar system 67 00:03:04,630 --> 00:03:02,640 to help us answer important questions 68 00:03:06,790 --> 00:03:04,640 about how the planets formed and how 69 00:03:08,790 --> 00:03:06,800 they evolved and of course there's a lot 70 00:03:10,790 --> 00:03:08,800 of really special places to go 71 00:03:13,350 --> 00:03:10,800 throughout the solar system but mars has 72 00:03:15,910 --> 00:03:13,360 always held a special place in that 73 00:03:17,589 --> 00:03:15,920 exploration if i could have the first 74 00:03:20,550 --> 00:03:17,599 graphic please 75 00:03:23,830 --> 00:03:20,560 going back to the mariner missions the 76 00:03:25,990 --> 00:03:23,840 mariner flybys and the viking landings 77 00:03:28,630 --> 00:03:26,000 mars has always held that special place 78 00:03:31,030 --> 00:03:28,640 up through even our current missions 79 00:03:32,949 --> 00:03:31,040 the current series of orbiters and 80 00:03:35,270 --> 00:03:32,959 landers and rovers that are currently 81 00:03:38,470 --> 00:03:35,280 operating on the surface today and of 82 00:03:40,710 --> 00:03:38,480 course leading up to uh to perseverance 83 00:03:42,309 --> 00:03:40,720 which is about to launch 84 00:03:44,229 --> 00:03:42,319 some of the reasons why we've always 85 00:03:46,550 --> 00:03:44,239 found mars to just be such a special 86 00:03:48,309 --> 00:03:46,560 place and so fascinating for one 87 00:03:50,630 --> 00:03:48,319 it's relatively accessible it's 88 00:03:52,309 --> 00:03:50,640 relatively close in the solar system we 89 00:03:54,789 --> 00:03:52,319 can get there we can arrive in a matter 90 00:03:56,390 --> 00:03:54,799 of about six to seven months 91 00:03:59,270 --> 00:03:56,400 so that's relatively short on the 92 00:04:01,589 --> 00:03:59,280 planetary exploration time scale but in 93 00:04:04,470 --> 00:04:01,599 addition it also holds a lot of really 94 00:04:06,470 --> 00:04:04,480 unique scientific value particularly for 95 00:04:08,710 --> 00:04:06,480 trying to understand planets with rocky 96 00:04:10,309 --> 00:04:08,720 surfaces and planets with atmospheres 97 00:04:12,390 --> 00:04:10,319 helping us understand how they form and 98 00:04:15,589 --> 00:04:12,400 evolve and help us better understand our 99 00:04:17,749 --> 00:04:15,599 own history on earth 100 00:04:21,030 --> 00:04:17,759 mars preserves on its surface some 101 00:04:22,870 --> 00:04:21,040 incredibly complex and diverse geology 102 00:04:24,870 --> 00:04:22,880 on earth of course our crust is 103 00:04:26,870 --> 00:04:24,880 constantly recycled 104 00:04:28,790 --> 00:04:26,880 weathered and eroded and so it's very 105 00:04:30,710 --> 00:04:28,800 hard to find places that have preserved 106 00:04:33,030 --> 00:04:30,720 that history from billions of years ago 107 00:04:35,430 --> 00:04:33,040 and yet on mars we can find places where 108 00:04:37,350 --> 00:04:35,440 we see that full breadth of history 109 00:04:38,390 --> 00:04:37,360 preserved onto the surface on the 110 00:04:39,909 --> 00:04:38,400 surface 111 00:04:41,990 --> 00:04:39,919 it also of course is a planet with an 112 00:04:44,230 --> 00:04:42,000 atmosphere it has a climate just like 113 00:04:46,070 --> 00:04:44,240 earth has a climate and much like earth 114 00:04:48,390 --> 00:04:46,080 the climate on mars has changed over 115 00:04:50,469 --> 00:04:48,400 time and so by understanding when and 116 00:04:52,310 --> 00:04:50,479 how that climate has changed helped us 117 00:04:54,790 --> 00:04:52,320 better understand our own climate 118 00:04:56,710 --> 00:04:54,800 evolution on earth 119 00:04:58,390 --> 00:04:56,720 it's also a place where 120 00:05:00,230 --> 00:04:58,400 on the surface since it's so old it's 121 00:05:02,790 --> 00:05:00,240 preserved we've also understood that in 122 00:05:04,469 --> 00:05:02,800 the last uh few about 20 years we've 123 00:05:06,150 --> 00:05:04,479 come to better understand that the 124 00:05:08,469 --> 00:05:06,160 surface of mars was actually probably 125 00:05:10,710 --> 00:05:08,479 much warmer and wetter in the past with 126 00:05:12,550 --> 00:05:10,720 a denser atmosphere and that perhaps 127 00:05:15,270 --> 00:05:12,560 several billion years ago 128 00:05:17,830 --> 00:05:15,280 life could have possibly taken form on 129 00:05:20,629 --> 00:05:17,840 mars as well similar as it did on earth 130 00:05:23,029 --> 00:05:20,639 and by going back to mars we might be 131 00:05:24,950 --> 00:05:23,039 able to find evidence of when life could 132 00:05:26,950 --> 00:05:24,960 have taken place or could have taken 133 00:05:29,110 --> 00:05:26,960 hold on mars this is a study of 134 00:05:30,790 --> 00:05:29,120 astrobiology of understanding the 135 00:05:32,390 --> 00:05:30,800 environments that could support life and 136 00:05:34,950 --> 00:05:32,400 understanding if and when life can 137 00:05:37,029 --> 00:05:34,960 actually come to be and march 2020 138 00:05:39,189 --> 00:05:37,039 perseverance is in fact our first 139 00:05:41,350 --> 00:05:39,199 mission from nasa that's specifically 140 00:05:43,990 --> 00:05:41,360 designed to answer these astrobiology 141 00:05:46,550 --> 00:05:44,000 questions on mars if i could have the 142 00:05:48,390 --> 00:05:46,560 next graphic please 143 00:05:50,790 --> 00:05:48,400 but everyone will tell you that this is 144 00:05:52,390 --> 00:05:50,800 an incredibly complex mission but they 145 00:05:54,550 --> 00:05:52,400 didn't do it alone all of those that 146 00:05:56,950 --> 00:05:54,560 worked on this mission are 147 00:05:58,550 --> 00:05:56,960 leaning on the legacy of all those 148 00:06:00,950 --> 00:05:58,560 rovers that have come before from 149 00:06:04,469 --> 00:06:00,960 sojourner to spirit and opportunity to 150 00:06:06,230 --> 00:06:04,479 curiosity and now to perseverance 151 00:06:08,309 --> 00:06:06,240 we're building on that legacy of what's 152 00:06:09,990 --> 00:06:08,319 come before but perseverance is also 153 00:06:11,830 --> 00:06:10,000 laying the groundwork for what comes 154 00:06:13,350 --> 00:06:11,840 next you're going to hear a lot today 155 00:06:14,790 --> 00:06:13,360 about the incredible science that 156 00:06:17,270 --> 00:06:14,800 perseverance is going to do on the 157 00:06:18,950 --> 00:06:17,280 surface of mars and about its main goal 158 00:06:21,510 --> 00:06:18,960 which is to collect some samples to 159 00:06:23,350 --> 00:06:21,520 bring back to earth in the future and 160 00:06:25,510 --> 00:06:23,360 our next big mission of course is going 161 00:06:26,710 --> 00:06:25,520 to be mars sample return where we plan 162 00:06:31,029 --> 00:06:26,720 to 163 00:06:33,189 --> 00:06:31,039 mars and execute the first ever launch 164 00:06:35,029 --> 00:06:33,199 from the surface of another planet and 165 00:06:36,790 --> 00:06:35,039 that whole mission we focus on trying to 166 00:06:38,230 --> 00:06:36,800 bring those samples those very precious 167 00:06:40,870 --> 00:06:38,240 samples back to earth where we can 168 00:06:43,430 --> 00:06:40,880 analyze them here with our uh incredibly 169 00:06:45,110 --> 00:06:43,440 capable uh laboratories here on earth 170 00:06:47,510 --> 00:06:45,120 and all of this is also then leading 171 00:06:49,749 --> 00:06:47,520 towards potential human exploration come 172 00:06:51,670 --> 00:06:49,759 in the coming decades we've got specific 173 00:06:53,430 --> 00:06:51,680 technologies on the perseverance rover 174 00:06:55,029 --> 00:06:53,440 that you'll hear about that are also 175 00:06:56,790 --> 00:06:55,039 going to be talking about that will be 176 00:06:58,390 --> 00:06:56,800 demonstrating these core capabilities 177 00:07:00,550 --> 00:06:58,400 that we're going to need in order to 178 00:07:02,469 --> 00:07:00,560 support human exploration 179 00:07:04,710 --> 00:07:02,479 in those coming decades and i wanted to 180 00:07:06,710 --> 00:07:04,720 just give a plug real quick for two more 181 00:07:08,469 --> 00:07:06,720 uh conference press conferences that 182 00:07:09,990 --> 00:07:08,479 will be held tomorrow afternoon uh for 183 00:07:11,749 --> 00:07:10,000 both the technologies and for mars 184 00:07:14,230 --> 00:07:11,759 sample return if you want to learn more 185 00:07:16,230 --> 00:07:14,240 about those two things as well 186 00:07:17,909 --> 00:07:16,240 and so right now what i'd like to do is 187 00:07:19,350 --> 00:07:17,919 hand it over to jennifer trosper who's 188 00:07:22,629 --> 00:07:19,360 actually worked on all five of the 189 00:07:25,830 --> 00:07:22,639 rovers that have successfully uh 190 00:07:28,550 --> 00:07:25,840 been delivered to mars by nasa and jpl 191 00:07:29,990 --> 00:07:28,560 jennifer is the deputy project scientist 192 00:07:31,189 --> 00:07:30,000 for surface operations she's going to 193 00:07:33,350 --> 00:07:31,199 tell us a little bit more about the 194 00:07:35,029 --> 00:07:33,360 rovers themselves the rover itself and 195 00:07:39,350 --> 00:07:35,039 about what we're going to do once we get 196 00:07:44,629 --> 00:07:41,749 thanks lori well it's great to be here 197 00:07:47,189 --> 00:07:44,639 today and i'm very excited to tell you 198 00:07:49,029 --> 00:07:47,199 about our new rover perseverance but i 199 00:07:51,510 --> 00:07:49,039 have to look back and say 200 00:07:54,309 --> 00:07:51,520 you know as a as a farm girl on a 201 00:07:56,230 --> 00:07:54,319 growing up in ohio it it took me a while 202 00:07:59,189 --> 00:07:56,240 to get the rover bug now i've worked on 203 00:08:02,469 --> 00:07:59,199 all of these rovers but i didn't work on 204 00:08:04,390 --> 00:08:02,479 robotics growing up but in 1997 i had 205 00:08:07,029 --> 00:08:04,400 the opportunity to be part of the mars 206 00:08:09,189 --> 00:08:07,039 pathfinder team with the sojourner rover 207 00:08:11,830 --> 00:08:09,199 and ever since that day when we landed 208 00:08:14,550 --> 00:08:11,840 on mars and i i saw the fun and the 209 00:08:16,629 --> 00:08:14,560 excitement and the and the i got the bug 210 00:08:18,710 --> 00:08:16,639 of exploration and so now i've worked on 211 00:08:21,029 --> 00:08:18,720 every mars rover it's been a privilege 212 00:08:23,110 --> 00:08:21,039 not just to work on the rovers but also 213 00:08:24,869 --> 00:08:23,120 to work with the great teams that build 214 00:08:26,629 --> 00:08:24,879 these rovers and today i'm going to tell 215 00:08:28,550 --> 00:08:26,639 you about our next great rover 216 00:08:29,909 --> 00:08:28,560 perseverance now go ahead and show the 217 00:08:34,310 --> 00:08:29,919 first slide 218 00:08:35,990 --> 00:08:34,320 rovers you see the small rover is 219 00:08:38,149 --> 00:08:36,000 sojourner rover the one i just talked 220 00:08:41,110 --> 00:08:38,159 about and then we have spirit and 221 00:08:43,430 --> 00:08:41,120 opportunity the mid-sized go-kart rover 222 00:08:46,070 --> 00:08:43,440 and then curiosity which is more like a 223 00:08:48,550 --> 00:08:46,080 small car and now we have perseverance 224 00:08:51,110 --> 00:08:48,560 and as i look back over my career of 225 00:08:53,509 --> 00:08:51,120 working on these rovers it's exciting to 226 00:08:55,350 --> 00:08:53,519 see how we just incrementally built up 227 00:08:57,910 --> 00:08:55,360 the capabilities of the engineering and 228 00:09:00,790 --> 00:08:57,920 the science to have this enormously 229 00:09:02,310 --> 00:09:00,800 capable rover today called perseverance 230 00:09:04,230 --> 00:09:02,320 this i'm going to talk a little bit 231 00:09:06,710 --> 00:09:04,240 about what those capabilities are i 232 00:09:09,110 --> 00:09:06,720 would say perseverance is unique in that 233 00:09:11,910 --> 00:09:09,120 all of her capabilities are very much 234 00:09:14,790 --> 00:09:11,920 focused on her science mission now her 235 00:09:15,670 --> 00:09:14,800 science mission is challenging she needs 236 00:09:16,790 --> 00:09:15,680 to go 237 00:09:19,430 --> 00:09:16,800 explore 238 00:09:22,070 --> 00:09:19,440 find select 239 00:09:24,070 --> 00:09:22,080 actually core and cash samples for 240 00:09:25,990 --> 00:09:24,080 future return to earth and so we've 241 00:09:28,630 --> 00:09:26,000 needed to add a lot of new things to 242 00:09:31,110 --> 00:09:28,640 perseverance to make her able to do that 243 00:09:33,110 --> 00:09:31,120 and we want her to do that in a location 244 00:09:34,630 --> 00:09:33,120 that is interesting enough to find 245 00:09:37,190 --> 00:09:34,640 samples that we want to bring back to 246 00:09:39,910 --> 00:09:37,200 earth and so that brought us to needing 247 00:09:41,430 --> 00:09:39,920 to add our first new technology our 248 00:09:44,230 --> 00:09:41,440 first new technology was terrain 249 00:09:46,230 --> 00:09:44,240 relative navigation now we leveraged a 250 00:09:48,550 --> 00:09:46,240 lot of the curiosity entry descent and 251 00:09:50,470 --> 00:09:48,560 landing system but when ken farley and 252 00:09:52,630 --> 00:09:50,480 the science team decided that they 253 00:09:54,790 --> 00:09:52,640 wanted to land at jezreel crater we 254 00:09:57,030 --> 00:09:54,800 realized that the current sky crane 255 00:09:59,269 --> 00:09:57,040 landing system would not land us there 256 00:10:00,230 --> 00:09:59,279 safely enough and so you know you can 257 00:10:02,069 --> 00:10:00,240 kind of think if it's more 258 00:10:04,230 --> 00:10:02,079 scientifically interesting than it has 259 00:10:06,630 --> 00:10:04,240 more engineering hazards so you can go 260 00:10:09,030 --> 00:10:06,640 here to my next graphic which shows what 261 00:10:10,550 --> 00:10:09,040 terrain relative navigation is the 262 00:10:12,069 --> 00:10:10,560 engineering team 263 00:10:14,150 --> 00:10:12,079 you know got on board to say well we 264 00:10:16,949 --> 00:10:14,160 need to make this landing site safe and 265 00:10:19,430 --> 00:10:16,959 so we added what is essentially our 266 00:10:21,590 --> 00:10:19,440 astronaut that we take to mars that 267 00:10:23,990 --> 00:10:21,600 steers us away from hazards and we call 268 00:10:26,949 --> 00:10:24,000 it terrain relative navigation we can't 269 00:10:28,389 --> 00:10:26,959 take an astronaut so we load uh mars 270 00:10:30,230 --> 00:10:28,399 orbital maps that we get from the 271 00:10:31,829 --> 00:10:30,240 orbiters that are marked with hazards 272 00:10:34,550 --> 00:10:31,839 and then we use a camera to take 273 00:10:36,069 --> 00:10:34,560 pictures as we're descending onto mars 274 00:10:38,710 --> 00:10:36,079 and then we compare those figure out 275 00:10:41,110 --> 00:10:38,720 where we are in the map and then divert 276 00:10:43,269 --> 00:10:41,120 by firing engines to get away from the 277 00:10:45,910 --> 00:10:43,279 hazards so that we can land safely so 278 00:10:47,269 --> 00:10:45,920 this new technology allows us to land in 279 00:10:48,710 --> 00:10:47,279 jezreel crater which is where the 280 00:10:50,389 --> 00:10:48,720 science team wants to go to do this 281 00:10:52,550 --> 00:10:50,399 investigation 282 00:10:54,069 --> 00:10:52,560 now another interesting part of entry 283 00:10:56,870 --> 00:10:54,079 descent and landing now entry descent 284 00:10:58,550 --> 00:10:56,880 landing is always harrowing it's it's 285 00:11:00,630 --> 00:10:58,560 hard right it's 286 00:11:03,030 --> 00:11:00,640 mars is 100 million miles away you start 287 00:11:04,870 --> 00:11:03,040 at 12 00 12 000 miles per hour at the 288 00:11:07,509 --> 00:11:04,880 top of the atmosphere you have to get to 289 00:11:09,590 --> 00:11:07,519 zero seven minutes later and so it's a 290 00:11:12,790 --> 00:11:09,600 nail-biting thing and we've added 291 00:11:14,710 --> 00:11:12,800 something to uh perseverance which is 292 00:11:17,430 --> 00:11:14,720 especially cool so that we will get a 293 00:11:19,750 --> 00:11:17,440 front row seat the vehicle actually has 294 00:11:21,430 --> 00:11:19,760 the ability to take selfies as it's 295 00:11:23,509 --> 00:11:21,440 going through the entry descent and 296 00:11:24,630 --> 00:11:23,519 landing process go ahead and show my 297 00:11:26,630 --> 00:11:24,640 next slide 298 00:11:29,350 --> 00:11:26,640 this shows you where the cameras are 299 00:11:31,430 --> 00:11:29,360 that we have added to take pictures as 300 00:11:34,230 --> 00:11:31,440 we're descending onto the surface of 301 00:11:36,470 --> 00:11:34,240 mars we have parachute up cameras that 302 00:11:37,829 --> 00:11:36,480 will watch the parachute inflation 303 00:11:39,590 --> 00:11:37,839 on the descent stage we have some 304 00:11:41,750 --> 00:11:39,600 download cameras that will watch the 305 00:11:43,509 --> 00:11:41,760 rover go down on the sky crane on the 306 00:11:45,110 --> 00:11:43,519 rover we have upload and download 307 00:11:46,870 --> 00:11:45,120 cameras the upload cameras watch the 308 00:11:49,430 --> 00:11:46,880 descent stage and we'll get the fly away 309 00:11:51,590 --> 00:11:49,440 moment which is awesome and then the the 310 00:11:53,910 --> 00:11:51,600 download cameras will watch the surface 311 00:11:56,310 --> 00:11:53,920 as we're placed on the ground on mars 312 00:11:58,389 --> 00:11:56,320 very exciting we also have a microphone 313 00:12:00,550 --> 00:11:58,399 on the rover so we're listening to 314 00:12:02,389 --> 00:12:00,560 ourselves as we go through the 315 00:12:04,710 --> 00:12:02,399 atmosphere of mars we're listening to 316 00:12:06,710 --> 00:12:04,720 the the pyro firings and the hardware 317 00:12:08,790 --> 00:12:06,720 being released it's going to be one of 318 00:12:10,710 --> 00:12:08,800 the most exciting things that happens 319 00:12:12,550 --> 00:12:10,720 early in this mission and i'm really 320 00:12:14,310 --> 00:12:12,560 looking forward to it we'll record all 321 00:12:16,389 --> 00:12:14,320 that data and then we'll send it back 322 00:12:18,470 --> 00:12:16,399 shortly after landing 323 00:12:20,069 --> 00:12:18,480 now the next thing that's exciting about 324 00:12:22,069 --> 00:12:20,079 this river you know entry setting 325 00:12:24,629 --> 00:12:22,079 landing is always exciting but it's only 326 00:12:26,150 --> 00:12:24,639 seven minutes and my personal favorite 327 00:12:28,550 --> 00:12:26,160 part of the mission is the surface 328 00:12:31,110 --> 00:12:28,560 mission which for perseverance is going 329 00:12:34,150 --> 00:12:31,120 to last for a mars year which is about 330 00:12:36,629 --> 00:12:34,160 two earth years and this perseverance 331 00:12:39,190 --> 00:12:36,639 mission has to do the equivalent of 332 00:12:40,870 --> 00:12:39,200 about what curiosity did or four times 333 00:12:42,870 --> 00:12:40,880 what curiosity did 334 00:12:45,430 --> 00:12:42,880 in the same amount of time and so we've 335 00:12:47,910 --> 00:12:45,440 had to do a lot of things to make it 336 00:12:49,750 --> 00:12:47,920 smarter and so go ahead and bring up my 337 00:12:52,150 --> 00:12:49,760 next slide 338 00:12:53,430 --> 00:12:52,160 you can see that this is one of the 339 00:12:55,910 --> 00:12:53,440 things that we've done to make it 340 00:12:58,069 --> 00:12:55,920 smarter and have better sensing is we've 341 00:13:00,470 --> 00:12:58,079 added some cameras you can see we have 342 00:13:02,629 --> 00:13:00,480 23 cameras on the rover 343 00:13:05,350 --> 00:13:02,639 and some of the new cameras we've added 344 00:13:07,269 --> 00:13:05,360 we have new double e cams that are 345 00:13:09,670 --> 00:13:07,279 navigation cameras that we use for 346 00:13:11,750 --> 00:13:09,680 autonomous driving they're now color 347 00:13:14,230 --> 00:13:11,760 they're twice twice the field of view 348 00:13:16,310 --> 00:13:14,240 twice the resolution as the curiosity 349 00:13:17,990 --> 00:13:16,320 cameras we also have added better 350 00:13:20,389 --> 00:13:18,000 cameras to the front of the rover the 351 00:13:23,190 --> 00:13:20,399 hazard cameras which we use to actually 352 00:13:25,030 --> 00:13:23,200 place the arm very accurately we even 353 00:13:27,030 --> 00:13:25,040 have a camera inside the rover that 354 00:13:29,590 --> 00:13:27,040 takes images of the samples before we 355 00:13:32,069 --> 00:13:29,600 seal them off so we have lots of great 356 00:13:34,389 --> 00:13:32,079 sensors and another thing that we do to 357 00:13:36,550 --> 00:13:34,399 make the rover smarter is we add a lot 358 00:13:38,629 --> 00:13:36,560 of software and computers so if you can 359 00:13:41,110 --> 00:13:38,639 go on to my next graphic 360 00:13:43,350 --> 00:13:41,120 i can show you a little bit about what 361 00:13:46,230 --> 00:13:43,360 makes the rover smart 362 00:13:48,949 --> 00:13:46,240 the rover has about 13 different 363 00:13:51,590 --> 00:13:48,959 computing and processors it has 364 00:13:53,430 --> 00:13:51,600 dozens of electronics boxes i can't show 365 00:13:55,990 --> 00:13:53,440 you the software and the algorithms that 366 00:13:57,910 --> 00:13:56,000 make it smart but this is the inside of 367 00:13:59,670 --> 00:13:57,920 the rover the the back of the river is 368 00:14:01,430 --> 00:13:59,680 to the right the front of the rover is 369 00:14:03,189 --> 00:14:01,440 to the left and you can't even see the 370 00:14:05,750 --> 00:14:03,199 full sample caching system which is 371 00:14:07,750 --> 00:14:05,760 another extraordinarily complex part of 372 00:14:10,550 --> 00:14:07,760 the rover if you were to take all the 373 00:14:12,790 --> 00:14:10,560 cables inside the rover it would um it 374 00:14:15,829 --> 00:14:12,800 would be about three and a half miles 375 00:14:17,829 --> 00:14:15,839 long so it's a very complicated vehicle 376 00:14:19,189 --> 00:14:17,839 but we've made it smarter 377 00:14:21,030 --> 00:14:19,199 the things that we've done to make it 378 00:14:23,430 --> 00:14:21,040 smarter some of the new algorithms i 379 00:14:26,230 --> 00:14:23,440 talked about terrain relative navigation 380 00:14:28,870 --> 00:14:26,240 we've also added a new auto navigation 381 00:14:31,030 --> 00:14:28,880 algorithm so that we can actually drive 382 00:14:33,189 --> 00:14:31,040 autonomously through more difficult 383 00:14:35,189 --> 00:14:33,199 terrains that have more rocks we've 384 00:14:37,030 --> 00:14:35,199 added a capability for higher 385 00:14:38,870 --> 00:14:37,040 compression so that we can get more data 386 00:14:40,470 --> 00:14:38,880 down to the ground we've added a 387 00:14:43,350 --> 00:14:40,480 capability so that after the rover 388 00:14:44,870 --> 00:14:43,360 drives it can stop check for hazards and 389 00:14:47,430 --> 00:14:44,880 if there are no hazards it can actually 390 00:14:49,110 --> 00:14:47,440 deploy the arm out and take some images 391 00:14:50,710 --> 00:14:49,120 and send those back to earth so that we 392 00:14:52,550 --> 00:14:50,720 don't have to wait for the next day and 393 00:14:54,230 --> 00:14:52,560 it speeds things up 394 00:14:56,629 --> 00:14:54,240 we've also made some significant 395 00:14:58,790 --> 00:14:56,639 upgrades to our operations system we 396 00:15:01,030 --> 00:14:58,800 have cloud-based tools that allow the 397 00:15:03,189 --> 00:15:01,040 science team to do collaboration around 398 00:15:05,269 --> 00:15:03,199 targeting and visualization and we're 399 00:15:06,949 --> 00:15:05,279 much more efficient at simulating and 400 00:15:09,110 --> 00:15:06,959 validating those sequences because we 401 00:15:10,470 --> 00:15:09,120 have to send those to the rover every 402 00:15:13,030 --> 00:15:10,480 single day 403 00:15:15,590 --> 00:15:13,040 and now if you'll go ahead to my my next 404 00:15:17,590 --> 00:15:15,600 slide which is my final image 405 00:15:18,629 --> 00:15:17,600 i love this image because it shows the 406 00:15:19,750 --> 00:15:18,639 rover 407 00:15:20,949 --> 00:15:19,760 folded up 408 00:15:24,150 --> 00:15:20,959 ready to go 409 00:15:26,550 --> 00:15:24,160 on its way to mars but it also shows 410 00:15:28,230 --> 00:15:26,560 the preeminent new capability that we've 411 00:15:30,550 --> 00:15:28,240 built on this rover which is the 412 00:15:32,470 --> 00:15:30,560 sampling system if you look at the front 413 00:15:34,150 --> 00:15:32,480 of the rover you see the cage-like 414 00:15:36,629 --> 00:15:34,160 feature that's the core 415 00:15:39,670 --> 00:15:36,639 that cores the samples from the surface 416 00:15:41,350 --> 00:15:39,680 of mars you'll also see the robotic arm 417 00:15:43,749 --> 00:15:41,360 you can see the forearm and the upper 418 00:15:46,389 --> 00:15:43,759 arm that have the mars 2020 and the 419 00:15:48,870 --> 00:15:46,399 perseverance plates on them 420 00:15:50,710 --> 00:15:48,880 you'll also be able to see the the big 421 00:15:52,949 --> 00:15:50,720 carousel which is sort of in the center 422 00:15:54,790 --> 00:15:52,959 the round thing a couple other things to 423 00:15:57,269 --> 00:15:54,800 say about this image the wheels are 424 00:15:59,189 --> 00:15:57,279 covered with anti-static wrap and we do 425 00:16:01,030 --> 00:15:59,199 take that off before launch so no 426 00:16:02,870 --> 00:16:01,040 worries there and then you can see the 427 00:16:04,710 --> 00:16:02,880 rover's upside down in this picture so 428 00:16:06,629 --> 00:16:04,720 you see the mast is actually stowed 429 00:16:08,389 --> 00:16:06,639 underneath the rover you can see the 430 00:16:09,430 --> 00:16:08,399 american flag there at the bottom of the 431 00:16:11,430 --> 00:16:09,440 mast 432 00:16:13,430 --> 00:16:11,440 now something that just kind of brings 433 00:16:15,829 --> 00:16:13,440 it home as far as how 434 00:16:17,910 --> 00:16:15,839 amazing this rover is 435 00:16:19,430 --> 00:16:17,920 is the turret that's on the end of the 436 00:16:21,990 --> 00:16:19,440 robotic arm 437 00:16:24,310 --> 00:16:22,000 that includes the core and also includes 438 00:16:25,430 --> 00:16:24,320 some other instruments it weighs 80 439 00:16:27,110 --> 00:16:25,440 pounds 440 00:16:29,670 --> 00:16:27,120 and i think if you had told me back in 441 00:16:30,870 --> 00:16:29,680 1997 when i was working on the sojourner 442 00:16:32,710 --> 00:16:30,880 rover 443 00:16:34,550 --> 00:16:32,720 that in 20 years we'd be building a 444 00:16:36,230 --> 00:16:34,560 rover that had a robotic arm that could 445 00:16:38,069 --> 00:16:36,240 hold the weight of three sojourner 446 00:16:40,230 --> 00:16:38,079 rovers in its hand 447 00:16:42,710 --> 00:16:40,240 i might have been surprised but here it 448 00:16:45,030 --> 00:16:42,720 is it's the perseverance rover it's an 449 00:16:47,509 --> 00:16:45,040 amazing vehicle and with that i'm going 450 00:16:50,069 --> 00:16:47,519 to hand it off to farah alibay who will 451 00:16:52,470 --> 00:16:50,079 talk more about the mobility system 452 00:16:54,230 --> 00:16:52,480 thank you so much jennifer perseverance 453 00:16:55,910 --> 00:16:54,240 has some of the most ambitious science 454 00:16:57,350 --> 00:16:55,920 goals that we've ever attempted on the 455 00:16:59,269 --> 00:16:57,360 surface of mars 456 00:17:01,670 --> 00:16:59,279 now in order to achieve these we need to 457 00:17:04,069 --> 00:17:01,680 travel long distances and over a variety 458 00:17:06,470 --> 00:17:04,079 of terrains the enabling technology for 459 00:17:07,829 --> 00:17:06,480 this is the rover's mobility system now 460 00:17:09,909 --> 00:17:07,839 let's queue up my first video where 461 00:17:12,230 --> 00:17:09,919 you'll see the rover driving here in our 462 00:17:13,590 --> 00:17:12,240 clean room and while you look at that i 463 00:17:15,110 --> 00:17:13,600 can talk you through some of the specs 464 00:17:17,429 --> 00:17:15,120 the rover has 465 00:17:20,069 --> 00:17:17,439 perseverance is a rugged all-terrain 466 00:17:23,590 --> 00:17:20,079 vehicle it has a clearance of two feet a 467 00:17:26,470 --> 00:17:23,600 wheel diameter of 21 inches it can go 468 00:17:28,789 --> 00:17:26,480 over obstacles of up to 40 centimeters 469 00:17:30,630 --> 00:17:28,799 that's just over a foot and it can go up 470 00:17:33,830 --> 00:17:30,640 slopes of up to 30 degrees so that's 471 00:17:36,230 --> 00:17:33,840 about a 57 percent grade 472 00:17:38,710 --> 00:17:36,240 the rover has a top speed of 0.1 mile 473 00:17:40,950 --> 00:17:38,720 per hour but most importantly it can 474 00:17:42,950 --> 00:17:40,960 self-drive on mars now remember mars 475 00:17:45,990 --> 00:17:42,960 doesn't have roads it doesn't have maps 476 00:17:47,990 --> 00:17:46,000 it doesn't have gps and yet perseverance 477 00:17:50,150 --> 00:17:48,000 can self-drive for distances of up to 478 00:17:52,150 --> 00:17:50,160 200 meters per day 479 00:17:53,830 --> 00:17:52,160 in order to get there in order to get to 480 00:17:56,710 --> 00:17:53,840 these specs we've had to make some 481 00:17:58,549 --> 00:17:56,720 pretty significant upgrades from 482 00:18:01,110 --> 00:17:58,559 uh from perseverance predecessor which 483 00:18:03,110 --> 00:18:01,120 was curiosity the first upgrade that we 484 00:18:04,470 --> 00:18:03,120 made is to its wheels and let's look at 485 00:18:06,470 --> 00:18:04,480 slide number two where you'll see the 486 00:18:08,710 --> 00:18:06,480 difference between the curiosity and the 487 00:18:10,710 --> 00:18:08,720 perseverance wheels and we essentially 488 00:18:12,549 --> 00:18:10,720 went back to the drawing board here you 489 00:18:14,710 --> 00:18:12,559 can see that the perseverance tread 490 00:18:16,390 --> 00:18:14,720 pattern is much tighter much closer 491 00:18:18,390 --> 00:18:16,400 together and the treads are actually 492 00:18:19,430 --> 00:18:18,400 taller which gives the wheels better 493 00:18:21,750 --> 00:18:19,440 traction 494 00:18:24,150 --> 00:18:21,760 you can also see that the treads have a 495 00:18:26,390 --> 00:18:24,160 smooth sinusitis pattern rather than the 496 00:18:28,470 --> 00:18:26,400 jagged pattern that curiosity had 497 00:18:30,549 --> 00:18:28,480 that gives that gets rid of the hot 498 00:18:33,430 --> 00:18:30,559 spots that cause damage on the curiosity 499 00:18:34,950 --> 00:18:33,440 wheels and gives us confidence with that 500 00:18:36,390 --> 00:18:34,960 and along with the hundreds of hours of 501 00:18:38,870 --> 00:18:36,400 testing obviously that we've done here 502 00:18:40,870 --> 00:18:38,880 on earth that these wheels will survive 503 00:18:42,549 --> 00:18:40,880 the harsh martian environment that they 504 00:18:44,870 --> 00:18:42,559 will be driving on 505 00:18:47,110 --> 00:18:44,880 the biggest upgrade that we've made to 506 00:18:49,750 --> 00:18:47,120 the perseverance rover however is its 507 00:18:52,390 --> 00:18:49,760 self-driving capability perseverance is 508 00:18:55,110 --> 00:18:52,400 able to self-drive three times faster 509 00:18:57,510 --> 00:18:55,120 than the curiosity rover can and that is 510 00:18:58,710 --> 00:18:57,520 mostly due to its ability to think while 511 00:19:00,470 --> 00:18:58,720 it drives 512 00:19:02,870 --> 00:19:00,480 it's able to do what we call thinking 513 00:19:05,190 --> 00:19:02,880 while driving due to its additional 514 00:19:06,630 --> 00:19:05,200 computer the vision compute element or 515 00:19:11,510 --> 00:19:06,640 the vce 516 00:19:13,110 --> 00:19:11,520 enabled innate in order to enable 517 00:19:15,190 --> 00:19:13,120 terrain relative navigation which 518 00:19:17,270 --> 00:19:15,200 jennifer talked about but once we're on 519 00:19:19,909 --> 00:19:17,280 the surface we no longer need autorain 520 00:19:22,870 --> 00:19:19,919 relative navigation software so we reuse 521 00:19:25,990 --> 00:19:22,880 that second brain in order to speed up 522 00:19:28,150 --> 00:19:26,000 our autonomous navigation versus uh for 523 00:19:30,630 --> 00:19:28,160 our scarecrow rover scarecrow which you 524 00:19:32,870 --> 00:19:30,640 saw on that last picture is an earth 525 00:19:35,590 --> 00:19:32,880 version of our rover that has a third of 526 00:19:37,590 --> 00:19:35,600 the mass and essentially scarecrow has 527 00:19:39,909 --> 00:19:37,600 the same weight here on earth as 528 00:19:42,390 --> 00:19:39,919 perseverance will have on mars since 529 00:19:43,510 --> 00:19:42,400 mars has a third of the gravity that 530 00:19:45,590 --> 00:19:43,520 earth does 531 00:19:47,350 --> 00:19:45,600 so here on earth we'll be putting 532 00:19:49,350 --> 00:19:47,360 scarecrow through a variety of tests 533 00:19:51,909 --> 00:19:49,360 through our mazes and what we'll be 534 00:19:54,470 --> 00:19:51,919 doing using those tests is fine-tuning 535 00:19:57,350 --> 00:19:54,480 our self-driving parameters so that in 536 00:19:59,270 --> 00:19:57,360 february of 2021 when we land on mars 537 00:20:00,870 --> 00:19:59,280 we'll be ready to hit the ground running 538 00:20:02,549 --> 00:20:00,880 and get along with that fantastic 539 00:20:05,029 --> 00:20:02,559 science that we that we have in store 540 00:20:07,110 --> 00:20:05,039 for the rover and with that let me hand 541 00:20:08,310 --> 00:20:07,120 you over to project scientist ken foley 542 00:20:09,270 --> 00:20:08,320 who's going to talk to you about that 543 00:20:10,870 --> 00:20:09,280 science 544 00:20:13,270 --> 00:20:10,880 thanks thanks pharaoh 545 00:20:16,470 --> 00:20:13,280 as you've heard the march 2020 mission 546 00:20:18,390 --> 00:20:16,480 has three major goals the first is to 547 00:20:21,270 --> 00:20:18,400 seek the signs of life 548 00:20:23,190 --> 00:20:21,280 the second is to collect and cache a 549 00:20:24,789 --> 00:20:23,200 suite of samples that a future mission 550 00:20:27,590 --> 00:20:24,799 could bring back to earth 551 00:20:29,590 --> 00:20:27,600 and the third is to test technologies 552 00:20:31,750 --> 00:20:29,600 that future explorers of mars either 553 00:20:33,190 --> 00:20:31,760 robotic or possibly even human could 554 00:20:35,110 --> 00:20:33,200 take advantage of 555 00:20:36,630 --> 00:20:35,120 i could have the first graphic 556 00:20:38,710 --> 00:20:36,640 i want to tell you a little bit more 557 00:20:41,110 --> 00:20:38,720 about the rover and in particular about 558 00:20:43,029 --> 00:20:41,120 the science instruments we have seven 559 00:20:45,029 --> 00:20:43,039 entirely new instruments that we are 560 00:20:47,510 --> 00:20:45,039 flying with us 561 00:20:49,830 --> 00:20:47,520 and i want to focus on just two of them 562 00:20:53,270 --> 00:20:49,840 because they illustrate a completely new 563 00:20:54,950 --> 00:20:53,280 kind of capability for a rover mission 564 00:20:57,190 --> 00:20:54,960 and that is the pair of instruments that 565 00:20:58,789 --> 00:20:57,200 are on the robotic arm on the turret 566 00:21:00,630 --> 00:20:58,799 that jennifer talked about these two 567 00:21:01,669 --> 00:21:00,640 instruments are called sherlock and 568 00:21:04,070 --> 00:21:01,679 pixel 569 00:21:07,430 --> 00:21:04,080 and what they do is they allow us to 570 00:21:09,830 --> 00:21:07,440 combine or co-register in a single 571 00:21:11,750 --> 00:21:09,840 postage stamp size area 572 00:21:13,669 --> 00:21:11,760 things that you could see with your eyes 573 00:21:16,149 --> 00:21:13,679 like color and texture 574 00:21:18,470 --> 00:21:16,159 but also chemistry and mineralogy and 575 00:21:21,110 --> 00:21:18,480 this is a very powerful combination it's 576 00:21:23,750 --> 00:21:21,120 never been done before on mars and it 577 00:21:25,990 --> 00:21:23,760 will allow us to understand how rocks 578 00:21:28,149 --> 00:21:26,000 formed what their history has been since 579 00:21:29,909 --> 00:21:28,159 they formed and in particular is one of 580 00:21:31,190 --> 00:21:29,919 the key ways that we will look for 581 00:21:32,630 --> 00:21:31,200 evidence of life for what we call 582 00:21:34,230 --> 00:21:32,640 biosignatures 583 00:21:36,149 --> 00:21:34,240 and in that regard the sherlock 584 00:21:37,990 --> 00:21:36,159 instrument is particularly important 585 00:21:41,270 --> 00:21:38,000 because it will allow us to not only 586 00:21:43,510 --> 00:21:41,280 detect organic matter to but to also map 587 00:21:46,070 --> 00:21:43,520 its distribution in this microscopic 588 00:21:48,070 --> 00:21:46,080 area and this is of course organic 589 00:21:50,149 --> 00:21:48,080 matter is of course one of the key kinds 590 00:21:51,590 --> 00:21:50,159 of observations that one makes 591 00:21:54,549 --> 00:21:51,600 to identify 592 00:21:56,549 --> 00:21:54,559 past evidence of life 593 00:21:58,630 --> 00:21:56,559 in addition to those two instruments i 594 00:22:00,630 --> 00:21:58,640 want to expand on something that 595 00:22:01,990 --> 00:22:00,640 jennifer mentioned which is the sample 596 00:22:03,350 --> 00:22:02,000 caching system 597 00:22:06,549 --> 00:22:03,360 and i want to talk about something which 598 00:22:09,510 --> 00:22:06,559 i find really really cool 599 00:22:11,750 --> 00:22:09,520 this is a sample tube now jennifer told 600 00:22:14,070 --> 00:22:11,760 you that the sampling and caching system 601 00:22:16,710 --> 00:22:14,080 consists of a drill mounted out on the 602 00:22:19,190 --> 00:22:16,720 robotic arm and a system that processes 603 00:22:20,950 --> 00:22:19,200 the samples inside the rover well this 604 00:22:22,230 --> 00:22:20,960 is one of the really key elements of 605 00:22:24,630 --> 00:22:22,240 this whole thing 606 00:22:27,350 --> 00:22:24,640 this is a tube into which each 607 00:22:29,990 --> 00:22:27,360 individual sample will be drilled 608 00:22:31,590 --> 00:22:30,000 it is a very complicated device we we 609 00:22:33,110 --> 00:22:31,600 often liken it to a test tube but i 610 00:22:35,510 --> 00:22:33,120 think you can see it's got a lot of 611 00:22:37,430 --> 00:22:35,520 features that go beyond that simple 612 00:22:38,470 --> 00:22:37,440 description and i want to tell you about 613 00:22:41,350 --> 00:22:38,480 some of them 614 00:22:43,590 --> 00:22:41,360 first one of the key uh technologies 615 00:22:46,549 --> 00:22:43,600 that had to be developed for this is how 616 00:22:48,149 --> 00:22:46,559 to make it extraordinarily clean this is 617 00:22:50,070 --> 00:22:48,159 amongst the cleanest things that have 618 00:22:52,310 --> 00:22:50,080 ever been built certainly uh is the 619 00:22:54,549 --> 00:22:52,320 cleanest thing that has ever been flown 620 00:22:57,029 --> 00:22:54,559 in the sense that the inside of these 621 00:22:59,270 --> 00:22:57,039 tubes of which there are 43 on board the 622 00:23:01,750 --> 00:22:59,280 rover that look just like this inside of 623 00:23:04,950 --> 00:23:01,760 this tube has no microbes 624 00:23:06,950 --> 00:23:04,960 and is extremely clean of organic matter 625 00:23:09,190 --> 00:23:06,960 and that's necessary so that when 626 00:23:11,110 --> 00:23:09,200 the cousins of this tube come back to 627 00:23:13,430 --> 00:23:11,120 earth we can be certain that what's 628 00:23:15,750 --> 00:23:13,440 inside that tube actually came from mars 629 00:23:17,110 --> 00:23:15,760 and didn't come from earth 630 00:23:18,630 --> 00:23:17,120 there's several other features i can 631 00:23:20,789 --> 00:23:18,640 point out here 632 00:23:23,510 --> 00:23:20,799 it's got a serial number on it this will 633 00:23:25,270 --> 00:23:23,520 be very important for when the 634 00:23:26,549 --> 00:23:25,280 fetch mission goes to pick up this tube 635 00:23:27,750 --> 00:23:26,559 we'll know which one it is and we'll 636 00:23:29,590 --> 00:23:27,760 know where we collected it that's 637 00:23:32,470 --> 00:23:29,600 obviously super important 638 00:23:34,950 --> 00:23:32,480 and you see uh lots of indentations and 639 00:23:37,350 --> 00:23:34,960 and holes in the tube this is necessary 640 00:23:39,510 --> 00:23:37,360 so that the robotic system both on 641 00:23:41,830 --> 00:23:39,520 perseverance and on the follow-on 642 00:23:43,830 --> 00:23:41,840 missions can manipulate the tube 643 00:23:46,549 --> 00:23:43,840 and finally you also notice that it is 644 00:23:48,390 --> 00:23:46,559 bright white this is not paint 645 00:23:50,630 --> 00:23:48,400 paint would contaminate the sample with 646 00:23:53,029 --> 00:23:50,640 organic matter instead this is aluminum 647 00:23:54,950 --> 00:23:53,039 oxide which has been flame sprayed onto 648 00:23:57,110 --> 00:23:54,960 the surface and this is necessary so 649 00:23:58,789 --> 00:23:57,120 that when we cash the tube onto the 650 00:24:00,710 --> 00:23:58,799 surface put it down on the surface for 651 00:24:02,149 --> 00:24:00,720 the future mission to pick up it doesn't 652 00:24:04,310 --> 00:24:02,159 get too hot in the sun the white 653 00:24:06,149 --> 00:24:04,320 reflects the heat away so this is really 654 00:24:11,669 --> 00:24:06,159 one of the great features that has been 655 00:24:16,390 --> 00:24:13,590 and we spent a fair bit of time talking 656 00:24:18,230 --> 00:24:16,400 about the hardware of this mission 657 00:24:21,830 --> 00:24:18,240 but i also want to point out that this 658 00:24:23,990 --> 00:24:21,840 takes a very large team of people to run 659 00:24:26,390 --> 00:24:24,000 there are uh engineers who are 660 00:24:28,950 --> 00:24:26,400 responsible for commanding the rover and 661 00:24:31,350 --> 00:24:28,960 for ensuring its health and safety and 662 00:24:33,350 --> 00:24:31,360 there's also a very large science team 663 00:24:35,990 --> 00:24:33,360 which will guide the operations in the 664 00:24:38,710 --> 00:24:36,000 pursuit of the science goals 665 00:24:40,950 --> 00:24:38,720 the science team has about 350 members 666 00:24:42,630 --> 00:24:40,960 they come from all around the world and 667 00:24:44,549 --> 00:24:42,640 they range from 668 00:24:46,710 --> 00:24:44,559 students all the way through senior 669 00:24:48,549 --> 00:24:46,720 scientists and they represent an 670 00:24:51,110 --> 00:24:48,559 enormous diversity of scientific 671 00:24:52,710 --> 00:24:51,120 disciplines from people who are nitty 672 00:24:54,950 --> 00:24:52,720 gritty experts about what each 673 00:24:57,909 --> 00:24:54,960 instrument does and how it does it 674 00:25:01,590 --> 00:24:57,919 through to geologists and geochemists 675 00:25:05,029 --> 00:25:01,600 atmospheric scientists astrobiologists 676 00:25:06,710 --> 00:25:05,039 and this whole team has to work together 677 00:25:09,430 --> 00:25:06,720 one of the key things that jennifer 678 00:25:11,510 --> 00:25:09,440 mentioned is that we have a very 679 00:25:13,510 --> 00:25:11,520 ambitious mission planned and we need to 680 00:25:14,390 --> 00:25:13,520 work very efficiently 681 00:25:17,350 --> 00:25:14,400 and 682 00:25:20,470 --> 00:25:17,360 one of the reasons for this is that 683 00:25:22,390 --> 00:25:20,480 the team each and every day will receive 684 00:25:24,710 --> 00:25:22,400 data from the rover 685 00:25:27,430 --> 00:25:24,720 and on a very short time frame the team 686 00:25:29,590 --> 00:25:27,440 needs to interpret that data what 687 00:25:31,909 --> 00:25:29,600 questions did it answer what new 688 00:25:34,549 --> 00:25:31,919 questions did it raise and where do we 689 00:25:37,269 --> 00:25:34,559 go now and what observations do we make 690 00:25:38,789 --> 00:25:37,279 we have just a few hours to do that 691 00:25:40,789 --> 00:25:38,799 before we have to hand it back to the 692 00:25:43,110 --> 00:25:40,799 engineers who then beam instructions up 693 00:25:45,269 --> 00:25:43,120 to the rover to go and do that 694 00:25:46,470 --> 00:25:45,279 so this is a very time pressured 695 00:25:49,029 --> 00:25:46,480 activity 696 00:25:51,430 --> 00:25:49,039 and it is really important that the team 697 00:25:53,669 --> 00:25:51,440 know how to function together 698 00:25:56,310 --> 00:25:53,679 and unlike a piece of hardware where you 699 00:25:58,630 --> 00:25:56,320 can design how all the elements interact 700 00:25:59,750 --> 00:25:58,640 a human team is really quite different 701 00:26:01,669 --> 00:25:59,760 and one of the things that we've been 702 00:26:03,590 --> 00:26:01,679 working on over the last few years since 703 00:26:05,350 --> 00:26:03,600 this team got together is a kind of 704 00:26:08,310 --> 00:26:05,360 bonding and if i could have the 705 00:26:11,510 --> 00:26:09,990 one of the things that some of us on the 706 00:26:13,669 --> 00:26:11,520 team were fortunate enough to be able to 707 00:26:16,390 --> 00:26:13,679 do is to go out into the field in a 708 00:26:18,549 --> 00:26:16,400 remote part of western australia to look 709 00:26:20,549 --> 00:26:18,559 at rocks that contain the oldest 710 00:26:21,990 --> 00:26:20,559 undisputed evidence of life on earth 711 00:26:24,230 --> 00:26:22,000 very similar to the kinds of things that 712 00:26:26,470 --> 00:26:24,240 we hope we might find on mars and so 713 00:26:28,149 --> 00:26:26,480 this was really a great activity so that 714 00:26:32,630 --> 00:26:28,159 we could all come together and really 715 00:26:36,950 --> 00:26:34,470 we are now about 716 00:26:39,350 --> 00:26:36,960 three days away from the launch 717 00:26:43,830 --> 00:26:39,360 and we will arrive perseverance will 718 00:26:45,750 --> 00:26:43,840 arrive on mars in uh february of 2021 719 00:26:48,149 --> 00:26:45,760 that gives us about seven months in 720 00:26:50,070 --> 00:26:48,159 which the team science team will not be 721 00:26:52,950 --> 00:26:50,080 relaxing instead the science team is 722 00:26:55,110 --> 00:26:52,960 working to develop a plan for how we 723 00:26:58,070 --> 00:26:55,120 will investigate our landing site if i 724 00:26:59,350 --> 00:26:58,080 can have the final clip 725 00:27:01,430 --> 00:26:59,360 one of the things we've been doing is 726 00:27:03,590 --> 00:27:01,440 developing a notional traverse of how 727 00:27:05,269 --> 00:27:03,600 the rover will move through its landing 728 00:27:07,029 --> 00:27:05,279 site so in blue you see the landing 729 00:27:09,510 --> 00:27:07,039 ellipse and in white you see the 730 00:27:11,110 --> 00:27:09,520 traverse that the rover may take 731 00:27:13,510 --> 00:27:11,120 and this shows that we have wonderful 732 00:27:16,149 --> 00:27:13,520 data from the orbiters that have been 733 00:27:18,389 --> 00:27:16,159 around mars to guide us in the selection 734 00:27:21,190 --> 00:27:18,399 of key targets to further our science 735 00:27:23,190 --> 00:27:21,200 goals and also the way we can traverse 736 00:27:24,710 --> 00:27:23,200 the rover through various hazards so 737 00:27:26,549 --> 00:27:24,720 we're very excited to continue to work 738 00:27:28,630 --> 00:27:26,559 on that and then actually start 739 00:27:30,549 --> 00:27:28,640 executing as soon as we get to mars 740 00:27:32,389 --> 00:27:30,559 early next year 741 00:27:35,110 --> 00:27:32,399 and with that i will turn it over to 742 00:27:38,230 --> 00:27:35,120 tonya bozak who is a science team member 743 00:27:40,149 --> 00:27:38,240 and also an expert at looking for 744 00:27:42,710 --> 00:27:40,159 biosignatures in ancient terrestrial 745 00:27:46,710 --> 00:27:44,870 thank you ken as someone who spent a lot 746 00:27:48,549 --> 00:27:46,720 of time thinking 747 00:27:51,110 --> 00:27:48,559 what life was like 748 00:27:52,310 --> 00:27:51,120 on earth omar's three billion years ago 749 00:27:55,669 --> 00:27:52,320 or more 750 00:27:59,510 --> 00:27:55,679 i think that jezera crater is an amazing 751 00:28:02,789 --> 00:27:59,520 site to examine and sample the process 752 00:28:06,630 --> 00:28:02,799 by which we arrived to this landing site 753 00:28:08,549 --> 00:28:06,640 to choose it was long it started in 2014 754 00:28:10,389 --> 00:28:08,559 with the first landing site workshop 755 00:28:12,310 --> 00:28:10,399 which was open to the entire community 756 00:28:14,149 --> 00:28:12,320 so anyone could come and suggest their 757 00:28:15,350 --> 00:28:14,159 favorite landing site and there were 758 00:28:19,669 --> 00:28:15,360 discussions 759 00:28:23,029 --> 00:28:19,679 led to the narrowing down of the number 760 00:28:25,110 --> 00:28:23,039 down to three sites in 2018 and then in 761 00:28:27,590 --> 00:28:25,120 november 2018 762 00:28:28,870 --> 00:28:27,600 dr thomas zurbukin made the final choice 763 00:28:29,990 --> 00:28:28,880 of jazzero 764 00:28:32,389 --> 00:28:30,000 and uh 765 00:28:35,830 --> 00:28:32,399 the choice is pretty obvious when you 766 00:28:38,470 --> 00:28:35,840 think about what we can see from space 767 00:28:40,870 --> 00:28:38,480 that tells us a lot about jezreel as a 768 00:28:43,430 --> 00:28:40,880 previously inhabited previously 769 00:28:45,430 --> 00:28:43,440 habitable environment so if i can have 770 00:28:46,710 --> 00:28:45,440 the first slide 771 00:28:49,269 --> 00:28:46,720 here is 772 00:28:52,470 --> 00:28:49,279 a photograph taken from space of the 773 00:28:54,070 --> 00:28:52,480 jezreel crater uh this crater occurs in 774 00:28:56,630 --> 00:28:54,080 very old terrain 775 00:29:00,070 --> 00:28:56,640 uh the crater itself is probably 3.8 776 00:29:01,990 --> 00:29:00,080 billion years old this is an amazingly 777 00:29:04,710 --> 00:29:02,000 old environment 778 00:29:07,029 --> 00:29:04,720 and what we can see from this 779 00:29:08,710 --> 00:29:07,039 about the the crater itself is about 50 780 00:29:12,070 --> 00:29:08,720 kilometers wide 781 00:29:15,029 --> 00:29:12,080 and in this dashed area we see a fan you 782 00:29:16,149 --> 00:29:15,039 see this fan already in 10 slides 783 00:29:18,630 --> 00:29:16,159 um 784 00:29:21,029 --> 00:29:18,640 we know what forms these kinds of 785 00:29:21,909 --> 00:29:21,039 fan-like deposits on earth 786 00:29:24,630 --> 00:29:21,919 and 787 00:29:27,430 --> 00:29:24,640 those deltas deltas 788 00:29:29,110 --> 00:29:27,440 occur when rivers 789 00:29:31,430 --> 00:29:29,120 flow through terrains and bring 790 00:29:33,510 --> 00:29:31,440 sediments into standing bodies of water 791 00:29:35,190 --> 00:29:33,520 so just by looking at this picture we 792 00:29:37,269 --> 00:29:35,200 can tell that there was a staining body 793 00:29:39,269 --> 00:29:37,279 of water that was there long enough for 794 00:29:41,110 --> 00:29:39,279 these sediments to be deposited and form 795 00:29:42,870 --> 00:29:41,120 these geomorphic features 796 00:29:44,710 --> 00:29:42,880 so great there was a sustained body of 797 00:29:46,710 --> 00:29:44,720 water 798 00:29:49,110 --> 00:29:46,720 some time ago what did it look like so 799 00:29:52,830 --> 00:29:49,120 if i can have the movie that follows 800 00:29:55,830 --> 00:29:52,840 this is an artist tradition of a fly 801 00:29:58,470 --> 00:29:55,840 over many billion years ago over the 802 00:30:01,990 --> 00:29:58,480 crater so if you can play the movie we 803 00:30:03,590 --> 00:30:02,000 see on the left there is the inflow 804 00:30:07,029 --> 00:30:03,600 channel that 805 00:30:10,710 --> 00:30:07,039 kept filling this crater with water 806 00:30:12,710 --> 00:30:10,720 the water uh level was rising 807 00:30:14,310 --> 00:30:12,720 to the point when the outflow channel 808 00:30:15,110 --> 00:30:14,320 formed to the right 809 00:30:18,070 --> 00:30:15,120 and 810 00:30:19,669 --> 00:30:18,080 that lasted for some time long enough to 811 00:30:22,310 --> 00:30:19,679 create a delta 812 00:30:24,950 --> 00:30:22,320 now we know a lot about deltas on earth 813 00:30:26,789 --> 00:30:24,960 and part of what makes delta environment 814 00:30:28,630 --> 00:30:26,799 so attractive is that they sample 815 00:30:30,710 --> 00:30:28,640 sediments from the surrounding regions 816 00:30:32,230 --> 00:30:30,720 these very old regions would have been 817 00:30:34,230 --> 00:30:32,240 very old on mars 818 00:30:35,990 --> 00:30:34,240 so by looking at the sediments there we 819 00:30:37,430 --> 00:30:36,000 can learn about the surrounding regions 820 00:30:39,430 --> 00:30:37,440 on mars 821 00:30:41,510 --> 00:30:39,440 however for bias signatures it's even 822 00:30:43,669 --> 00:30:41,520 more exciting because deltas are great 823 00:30:45,430 --> 00:30:43,679 at preserving organic matter and other 824 00:30:48,070 --> 00:30:45,440 types of biosignatures 825 00:30:50,149 --> 00:30:48,080 and what we also know already from just 826 00:30:51,750 --> 00:30:50,159 orbital spectroscopy if i can have the 827 00:30:53,750 --> 00:30:51,760 next slide please 828 00:30:55,029 --> 00:30:53,760 there are diverse minerals present in 829 00:30:57,350 --> 00:30:55,039 the delta 830 00:31:00,710 --> 00:30:57,360 and within our landing ellipse and the 831 00:31:04,149 --> 00:31:00,720 projected rotor trajectory so here's a 832 00:31:06,630 --> 00:31:04,159 false color image these are not the real 833 00:31:08,870 --> 00:31:06,640 colors on mars unfortunately it is not 834 00:31:10,630 --> 00:31:08,880 so colorful but what these different 835 00:31:11,669 --> 00:31:10,640 colors show 836 00:31:16,870 --> 00:31:11,679 are 837 00:31:19,269 --> 00:31:16,880 delta you can see some purples you can 838 00:31:21,110 --> 00:31:19,279 see some greens 839 00:31:23,029 --> 00:31:21,120 some of this tells us that there are a 840 00:31:25,029 --> 00:31:23,039 lot of clay minerals that are known in 841 00:31:27,590 --> 00:31:25,039 there to preserve goodbye signatures the 842 00:31:29,509 --> 00:31:27,600 green areas in particular 843 00:31:31,830 --> 00:31:29,519 you can see this green that really 844 00:31:33,909 --> 00:31:31,840 follows the rim of the crater but in the 845 00:31:35,669 --> 00:31:33,919 areas where the waters of the lake 846 00:31:37,110 --> 00:31:35,679 former lake would have been lapping the 847 00:31:39,269 --> 00:31:37,120 shore 848 00:31:41,750 --> 00:31:39,279 and that is great 849 00:31:43,750 --> 00:31:41,760 for bias signatures if some of these 850 00:31:46,230 --> 00:31:43,760 minerals are precipitated so here's 851 00:31:47,909 --> 00:31:46,240 where the ions would have come in and 852 00:31:50,230 --> 00:31:47,919 minerals with the 853 00:31:52,230 --> 00:31:50,240 inflowing water and some of them may 854 00:31:54,549 --> 00:31:52,240 have been concentrated and perhaps even 855 00:31:57,110 --> 00:31:54,559 trapped some biosignatures 856 00:31:59,509 --> 00:31:57,120 and good analogs on earth in fact some 857 00:32:01,509 --> 00:31:59,519 of the oldest evidence for life on earth 858 00:32:03,590 --> 00:32:01,519 comes from rocks that are 859 00:32:05,830 --> 00:32:03,600 of the same similar composition to these 860 00:32:08,549 --> 00:32:05,840 green rocks they're called carbonates 861 00:32:11,269 --> 00:32:08,559 and if i can have the next slide 862 00:32:13,430 --> 00:32:11,279 some of these rocks look like what 863 00:32:15,750 --> 00:32:13,440 follows they are layered they're made of 864 00:32:18,630 --> 00:32:15,760 carbonate and so what you're looking 865 00:32:20,630 --> 00:32:18,640 here we are back on earth this is a 2.7 866 00:32:22,789 --> 00:32:20,640 billion year old rock a stromatolite 867 00:32:24,950 --> 00:32:22,799 from western australia the area we saw 868 00:32:25,669 --> 00:32:24,960 in ken's video 869 00:32:28,389 --> 00:32:25,679 and 870 00:32:30,789 --> 00:32:28,399 what we know about these rocks is 871 00:32:33,029 --> 00:32:30,799 how to look for bio signatures 872 00:32:35,909 --> 00:32:33,039 so a lot of these little features you 873 00:32:37,990 --> 00:32:35,919 see here different crinkly layers 874 00:32:39,350 --> 00:32:38,000 different little bumps 875 00:32:41,669 --> 00:32:39,360 we know 876 00:32:43,830 --> 00:32:41,679 when microbes have to be involved in the 877 00:32:45,509 --> 00:32:43,840 precipitation of minerals to make shapes 878 00:32:47,990 --> 00:32:45,519 like that so 879 00:32:50,870 --> 00:32:48,000 other stromatolites on mars we don't 880 00:32:53,350 --> 00:32:50,880 know what are these carbonates on mars 881 00:32:55,110 --> 00:32:53,360 we don't know but we are very excited to 882 00:32:57,350 --> 00:32:55,120 start looking at them we certainly have 883 00:32:59,509 --> 00:32:57,360 a great suite of instruments to do so 884 00:33:02,070 --> 00:32:59,519 and we have many sets of trained eyes 885 00:33:04,149 --> 00:33:02,080 that will be ready to simple the best 886 00:33:06,389 --> 00:33:04,159 rocks possible to bring to earth and 887 00:33:08,830 --> 00:33:06,399 start asking these questions about 888 00:33:11,830 --> 00:33:08,840 possibly early life on 889 00:33:13,269 --> 00:33:11,840 mars so with that i will turn it over to 890 00:33:15,430 --> 00:33:13,279 dc 891 00:33:17,750 --> 00:33:15,440 thank you very much tanya i understand 892 00:33:20,549 --> 00:33:17,760 we have some questions from the media on 893 00:33:24,950 --> 00:33:20,559 the phone uh so first question goes to 894 00:33:26,789 --> 00:33:24,960 chelsea good of space.com chelsea 895 00:33:27,990 --> 00:33:26,799 hi thank you so much for taking my 896 00:33:30,789 --> 00:33:28,000 question 897 00:33:32,630 --> 00:33:30,799 um so you know obviously a huge part of 898 00:33:35,750 --> 00:33:32,640 this mission one of its main objectives 899 00:33:38,389 --> 00:33:35,760 is to look for these bio signatures and 900 00:33:40,070 --> 00:33:38,399 evidence of this ancient life 901 00:33:41,029 --> 00:33:40,080 um i'm curious 902 00:33:42,389 --> 00:33:41,039 you know 903 00:33:43,909 --> 00:33:42,399 in part 904 00:33:46,230 --> 00:33:43,919 you know for people who are just like oh 905 00:33:47,430 --> 00:33:46,240 what what does that mean i think 906 00:33:49,590 --> 00:33:47,440 you know obviously we know what bio 907 00:33:52,389 --> 00:33:49,600 signatures are but what are you hoping 908 00:33:54,710 --> 00:33:52,399 to find i guess more concretely we've 909 00:33:56,070 --> 00:33:54,720 seen organics on mars we've seen things 910 00:33:57,750 --> 00:33:56,080 of that nature but i'm curious what 911 00:33:58,630 --> 00:33:57,760 specifically you're looking to see and 912 00:33:59,830 --> 00:33:58,640 then 913 00:34:01,669 --> 00:33:59,840 you know the second part of that 914 00:34:05,269 --> 00:34:01,679 question is i'm curious how you think 915 00:34:07,669 --> 00:34:05,279 people will react um if these findings 916 00:34:10,310 --> 00:34:07,679 if these bio signatures do come to light 917 00:34:12,230 --> 00:34:10,320 and perseverance is able to 918 00:34:18,869 --> 00:34:12,240 take us to the next level in the search 919 00:34:23,109 --> 00:34:21,109 so yeah okay so what are we looking for 920 00:34:25,030 --> 00:34:23,119 what is what is a biosignature and how 921 00:34:26,950 --> 00:34:25,040 are we going to look for it 922 00:34:29,589 --> 00:34:26,960 well the first thing to understand is 923 00:34:31,589 --> 00:34:29,599 that what we are looking for is likely 924 00:34:33,589 --> 00:34:31,599 very primitive life we are not looking 925 00:34:35,669 --> 00:34:33,599 for advanced life forms that might leave 926 00:34:36,790 --> 00:34:35,679 things like bones or 927 00:34:38,470 --> 00:34:36,800 or 928 00:34:40,710 --> 00:34:38,480 fern fossils something like that we are 929 00:34:43,990 --> 00:34:40,720 looking by analogy to what we find in 930 00:34:47,109 --> 00:34:44,000 the similar time on earth microbial life 931 00:34:49,829 --> 00:34:47,119 and tanya showed you an image of a of a 932 00:34:51,750 --> 00:34:49,839 very compelling example from earth of 933 00:34:54,389 --> 00:34:51,760 what that looks like it's a it's 934 00:34:56,790 --> 00:34:54,399 produced where a layer of microbes lives 935 00:34:59,510 --> 00:34:56,800 at the interface between water and mud 936 00:35:01,670 --> 00:34:59,520 at the bottom of a body of water so 937 00:35:03,589 --> 00:35:01,680 that's the kind of feature that we could 938 00:35:05,510 --> 00:35:03,599 we could see with our eyes the the 939 00:35:07,510 --> 00:35:05,520 example that she showed was macroscopic 940 00:35:08,790 --> 00:35:07,520 it was quite large 941 00:35:10,790 --> 00:35:08,800 and if you looked at it with a 942 00:35:13,270 --> 00:35:10,800 microscope which we will be able to do 943 00:35:14,710 --> 00:35:13,280 with the instruments on the on the arm 944 00:35:16,230 --> 00:35:14,720 that i described 945 00:35:18,310 --> 00:35:16,240 you can see that that texture goes right 946 00:35:19,589 --> 00:35:18,320 down to the microscopic scale 947 00:35:21,270 --> 00:35:19,599 and that we would see that there's 948 00:35:23,109 --> 00:35:21,280 organic matter in the terrestrial 949 00:35:25,030 --> 00:35:23,119 analogs that we would hope to see with 950 00:35:25,829 --> 00:35:25,040 the sherlock instrument so that's a 951 00:35:28,230 --> 00:35:25,839 really 952 00:35:30,069 --> 00:35:28,240 that would be a very compelling example 953 00:35:34,069 --> 00:35:30,079 of a biosignature that we might hope to 954 00:35:38,390 --> 00:35:36,069 and i'll just add a little bit towards 955 00:35:40,790 --> 00:35:38,400 the second half of that question which 956 00:35:42,069 --> 00:35:40,800 is even beyond just trying to reach us a 957 00:35:44,390 --> 00:35:42,079 little bit beyond what we hope to 958 00:35:46,150 --> 00:35:44,400 achieve with perseverance we've heard a 959 00:35:47,829 --> 00:35:46,160 lot about the incredible science that we 960 00:35:49,270 --> 00:35:47,839 hope to do at mars in looking for 961 00:35:50,390 --> 00:35:49,280 biosignatures 962 00:35:51,990 --> 00:35:50,400 but we also think there are other 963 00:35:53,829 --> 00:35:52,000 destinations within the solar system 964 00:35:56,230 --> 00:35:53,839 that could also be potential places 965 00:35:58,150 --> 00:35:56,240 where life may have started to take 966 00:36:00,630 --> 00:35:58,160 take hold in the past or may actually be 967 00:36:03,109 --> 00:36:00,640 present even today uh the moons of 968 00:36:05,750 --> 00:36:03,119 jupiter and saturn such as europa uh 969 00:36:08,230 --> 00:36:05,760 europa which is the moon of jupiter uh 970 00:36:09,750 --> 00:36:08,240 titan and enceladus moons of saturn are 971 00:36:11,829 --> 00:36:09,760 also places where there potentially 972 00:36:13,750 --> 00:36:11,839 could be environments that that might be 973 00:36:16,550 --> 00:36:13,760 conducive to life other very interesting 974 00:36:17,829 --> 00:36:16,560 astrobiology targets um and so we're 975 00:36:18,950 --> 00:36:17,839 we're interested in continuing to 976 00:36:21,270 --> 00:36:18,960 explore all of these different 977 00:36:23,270 --> 00:36:21,280 environments mars and beyond uh to 978 00:36:24,790 --> 00:36:23,280 continue our search for are there other 979 00:36:27,829 --> 00:36:24,800 places in the solar system that might 980 00:36:30,470 --> 00:36:27,839 actually host life 981 00:36:32,470 --> 00:36:30,480 great thank you lori uh i understand the 982 00:36:35,349 --> 00:36:32,480 next question is from marcia dunn with 983 00:36:37,510 --> 00:36:35,359 ap marcia 984 00:36:39,589 --> 00:36:37,520 yes hello i have a question for jennifer 985 00:36:41,750 --> 00:36:39,599 trosper if i might 986 00:36:44,710 --> 00:36:41,760 i hate to ask you to choose among your 987 00:36:46,710 --> 00:36:44,720 five rover children but i'm wondering if 988 00:36:47,990 --> 00:36:46,720 first perseverance is your new favorite 989 00:36:51,349 --> 00:36:48,000 child and 990 00:36:54,790 --> 00:36:51,359 also um what do you work with all five 991 00:36:57,910 --> 00:36:54,800 nasa rovers what to you set perseverance 992 00:36:59,510 --> 00:36:57,920 apart the most from its predecessors uh 993 00:37:01,690 --> 00:36:59,520 and you're free to use as many supreme 994 00:37:05,510 --> 00:37:01,700 courts as you'd like thank you 995 00:37:07,589 --> 00:37:05,520 [Laughter] 996 00:37:09,670 --> 00:37:07,599 okay thank you um 997 00:37:11,829 --> 00:37:09,680 so i think i have to first say about the 998 00:37:13,030 --> 00:37:11,839 rovers the same thing i say about my 999 00:37:16,310 --> 00:37:13,040 three children 1000 00:37:18,310 --> 00:37:16,320 they're all my favorites um and i also 1001 00:37:20,790 --> 00:37:18,320 have to be careful because 1002 00:37:23,109 --> 00:37:20,800 i actually met my husband because of the 1003 00:37:25,670 --> 00:37:23,119 pathfinder rover so i i think i have to 1004 00:37:28,710 --> 00:37:25,680 say that one's my favorite um but 1005 00:37:30,550 --> 00:37:28,720 perseverance is also my favorite so i 1006 00:37:32,310 --> 00:37:30,560 don't think i answered your question but 1007 00:37:34,950 --> 00:37:32,320 the thing that i really love about 1008 00:37:36,550 --> 00:37:34,960 perseverance and and i you know i've had 1009 00:37:38,550 --> 00:37:36,560 a different role more of a visionary 1010 00:37:41,270 --> 00:37:38,560 role on perseverance than i had on 1011 00:37:43,430 --> 00:37:41,280 previous rovers so it is more i think a 1012 00:37:46,390 --> 00:37:43,440 part of who i am and what i want rovers 1013 00:37:48,630 --> 00:37:46,400 to be and i see perseverance as being 1014 00:37:50,230 --> 00:37:48,640 transformative right and and i think 1015 00:37:53,109 --> 00:37:50,240 matt talked about it this morning we've 1016 00:37:55,349 --> 00:37:53,119 been exploring we started exploring mars 1017 00:37:57,349 --> 00:37:55,359 with um you know the orbiters and then 1018 00:37:59,829 --> 00:37:57,359 we got to where we had landers and now 1019 00:38:01,829 --> 00:37:59,839 we are driving around and now 1020 00:38:03,750 --> 00:38:01,839 this is transforming us to bringing 1021 00:38:06,710 --> 00:38:03,760 samples back and eventually getting 1022 00:38:08,870 --> 00:38:06,720 humans there so i think that's the thing 1023 00:38:13,030 --> 00:38:08,880 that makes perseverance stand out 1024 00:38:16,310 --> 00:38:13,040 uniquely amongst all of these rovers 1025 00:38:19,829 --> 00:38:16,320 great thank you jennifer uh next up mary 1026 00:38:21,589 --> 00:38:19,839 liz bender with inverse mary 1027 00:38:24,069 --> 00:38:21,599 yeah thank you so much for taking my 1028 00:38:26,630 --> 00:38:24,079 question um i was just curious if you 1029 00:38:29,190 --> 00:38:26,640 could talk about what happens right 1030 00:38:31,990 --> 00:38:29,200 after lunch what do the next steps the 1031 00:38:32,950 --> 00:38:32,000 next couple months look like for you the 1032 00:38:34,230 --> 00:38:32,960 team 1033 00:38:37,109 --> 00:38:34,240 and um 1034 00:38:46,230 --> 00:38:37,119 when will you take your first real fresh 1035 00:38:50,790 --> 00:38:49,109 and that that could go to anyone but uh 1036 00:38:52,790 --> 00:38:50,800 lori perhaps you want to answer that 1037 00:38:54,710 --> 00:38:52,800 question oh 1038 00:38:57,349 --> 00:38:54,720 sure well i'll i'll leave uh some of the 1039 00:38:59,030 --> 00:38:57,359 details of exactly uh what's going to be 1040 00:39:00,950 --> 00:38:59,040 uh happening over the next few months 1041 00:39:03,829 --> 00:39:00,960 maybe to to canon to 1042 00:39:06,069 --> 00:39:03,839 to jennifer but uh you know when will we 1043 00:39:08,870 --> 00:39:06,079 uh heave a sigh of relief i think uh 1044 00:39:11,589 --> 00:39:08,880 after we've uh successfully uh completed 1045 00:39:12,950 --> 00:39:11,599 the entry descent and landing um and and 1046 00:39:15,109 --> 00:39:12,960 gotten through that seven minutes of 1047 00:39:17,270 --> 00:39:15,119 terror i think all of us will be will be 1048 00:39:19,190 --> 00:39:17,280 very relieved and ready to begin the the 1049 00:39:20,550 --> 00:39:19,200 hard work of conducting the surface 1050 00:39:23,510 --> 00:39:20,560 science and starting to see the 1051 00:39:26,069 --> 00:39:23,520 incredible uh results of of the fruits 1052 00:39:27,589 --> 00:39:26,079 of our labor here but i'm gonna let uh 1053 00:39:29,270 --> 00:39:27,599 ken or jennifer talk about what we're 1054 00:39:31,030 --> 00:39:29,280 going to be doing over the next few 1055 00:39:32,550 --> 00:39:31,040 months 1056 00:39:34,710 --> 00:39:32,560 well i'll just say what the science team 1057 00:39:36,790 --> 00:39:34,720 is going to be doing training training 1058 00:39:38,870 --> 00:39:36,800 training it's a very complicated piece 1059 00:39:39,990 --> 00:39:38,880 of hardware and the scientists on this 1060 00:39:41,349 --> 00:39:40,000 mission 1061 00:39:44,069 --> 00:39:41,359 most of them have very little 1062 00:39:45,430 --> 00:39:44,079 preparation to do this kind of work we 1063 00:39:47,430 --> 00:39:45,440 have to understand what the instruments 1064 00:39:49,910 --> 00:39:47,440 are capable of and and how to instruct 1065 00:39:51,349 --> 00:39:49,920 them to do what we want them to do so so 1066 00:39:55,109 --> 00:39:51,359 training is really essential at this 1067 00:39:55,119 --> 00:40:00,470 uh jennifer anything to add from jpl 1068 00:40:05,270 --> 00:40:03,430 yeah i'll add that we have a cruise team 1069 00:40:07,990 --> 00:40:05,280 that is actually flying the vehicle to 1070 00:40:10,230 --> 00:40:08,000 mars so shortly after launch 1071 00:40:12,550 --> 00:40:10,240 we'll actually be able to see the sun on 1072 00:40:14,309 --> 00:40:12,560 our solar arrays and our sun sensors 1073 00:40:16,470 --> 00:40:14,319 we'll be able to find the stars in the 1074 00:40:18,309 --> 00:40:16,480 sky with our star scanner and we'll get 1075 00:40:21,030 --> 00:40:18,319 our attitude initialized we'll get to 1076 00:40:23,030 --> 00:40:21,040 the right spin rate and then um within a 1077 00:40:24,950 --> 00:40:23,040 few weeks we'll do our first trajectory 1078 00:40:27,589 --> 00:40:24,960 correction maneuver which essentially 1079 00:40:29,430 --> 00:40:27,599 just gets us on the home and transfer 1080 00:40:31,670 --> 00:40:29,440 trajectory that we're taking to mars and 1081 00:40:33,270 --> 00:40:31,680 corrects for any launch vehicle um 1082 00:40:34,309 --> 00:40:33,280 errors 1083 00:40:37,030 --> 00:40:34,319 great 1084 00:40:41,829 --> 00:40:37,040 thank you very much jennifer uh next up 1085 00:40:45,430 --> 00:40:41,839 from uh irish television leo enright leo 1086 00:40:49,030 --> 00:40:45,440 uh thanks very much uh dc um for ken 1087 00:40:50,470 --> 00:40:49,040 farley um i rather loved the dotted 1088 00:40:53,430 --> 00:40:50,480 lines 1089 00:40:54,390 --> 00:40:53,440 uh on the traverse uh map that you 1090 00:40:56,790 --> 00:40:54,400 showed 1091 00:40:59,190 --> 00:40:56,800 um could you talk a little bit about the 1092 00:41:00,870 --> 00:40:59,200 extended mission i mean we're all hoping 1093 00:41:03,670 --> 00:41:00,880 you'd go beyond 1094 00:41:06,550 --> 00:41:03,680 uh midway but it looks like at the 1095 00:41:09,750 --> 00:41:06,560 moment you're only prepared to go as far 1096 00:41:11,270 --> 00:41:09,760 as midway or am i reading that map right 1097 00:41:12,630 --> 00:41:11,280 yeah let me let me provide some some 1098 00:41:14,309 --> 00:41:12,640 background here 1099 00:41:15,670 --> 00:41:14,319 during the landing site selection 1100 00:41:17,750 --> 00:41:15,680 process 1101 00:41:20,390 --> 00:41:17,760 the community that was doing the the 1102 00:41:22,950 --> 00:41:20,400 prioritization recognized that jezreel 1103 00:41:25,270 --> 00:41:22,960 crater had some really fantastic targets 1104 00:41:27,750 --> 00:41:25,280 and tanya talked about them the delta 1105 00:41:28,790 --> 00:41:27,760 the carbonate rock very excited to see 1106 00:41:30,630 --> 00:41:28,800 those 1107 00:41:33,910 --> 00:41:30,640 but there was also a great deal of 1108 00:41:36,550 --> 00:41:33,920 excitement to rove up the crater rim and 1109 00:41:38,230 --> 00:41:36,560 explore the highlands beyond which is 1110 00:41:40,870 --> 00:41:38,240 some of the include some of the oldest 1111 00:41:42,950 --> 00:41:40,880 rocks on mars some very unusual features 1112 00:41:45,510 --> 00:41:42,960 that could potentially indicate the 1113 00:41:47,349 --> 00:41:45,520 interaction of hot water with rock 1114 00:41:49,670 --> 00:41:47,359 another habitable environment that we'd 1115 00:41:51,829 --> 00:41:49,680 be very excited to investigate 1116 00:41:53,750 --> 00:41:51,839 but it's important to recognize that we 1117 00:41:56,230 --> 00:41:53,760 have a prime mission that as jennifer 1118 00:41:57,510 --> 00:41:56,240 mentioned is is one mars year and so 1119 00:41:59,430 --> 00:41:57,520 that traverse 1120 00:42:01,349 --> 00:41:59,440 indicates where we hope to get 1121 00:42:07,589 --> 00:42:01,359 by the end of the prime mission about 1122 00:42:13,670 --> 00:42:10,470 great okay uh next up is natalie 1123 00:42:16,390 --> 00:42:13,680 guerrero natalie 1124 00:42:19,349 --> 00:42:16,400 yeah i wanted to know what is the 1125 00:42:21,190 --> 00:42:19,359 process for choosing what samples you 1126 00:42:26,150 --> 00:42:21,200 end up taking because it sounds like 1127 00:42:31,109 --> 00:42:27,510 i can take that one 1128 00:42:33,829 --> 00:42:31,119 we have 43 sample tubes and we expect 1129 00:42:35,349 --> 00:42:33,839 that uh over the entire duration of the 1130 00:42:37,589 --> 00:42:35,359 mission not within the prime mission 1131 00:42:39,910 --> 00:42:37,599 that we will use all of these tubes 1132 00:42:42,710 --> 00:42:39,920 in the pursuit of something like 30 or 1133 00:42:44,550 --> 00:42:42,720 35 really good samples 1134 00:42:46,470 --> 00:42:44,560 the additional tubes are are there so 1135 00:42:48,630 --> 00:42:46,480 that we can for example 1136 00:42:50,069 --> 00:42:48,640 change our minds we we might say oh this 1137 00:42:52,309 --> 00:42:50,079 looks like a good example of some 1138 00:42:53,510 --> 00:42:52,319 particular kind of rock and then six 1139 00:42:56,309 --> 00:42:53,520 months later we find something that's 1140 00:42:58,230 --> 00:42:56,319 much better so we have a ability to kind 1141 00:43:00,870 --> 00:42:58,240 of change our mind in thinking about 1142 00:43:03,030 --> 00:43:00,880 what samples come back 1143 00:43:04,710 --> 00:43:03,040 it's important to understand that 1144 00:43:06,630 --> 00:43:04,720 one of the central goals of the mission 1145 00:43:07,589 --> 00:43:06,640 is to seek the signs of life 1146 00:43:09,270 --> 00:43:07,599 and 1147 00:43:11,589 --> 00:43:09,280 many of the samples that we collect will 1148 00:43:13,670 --> 00:43:11,599 be specifically chosen because they 1149 00:43:16,390 --> 00:43:13,680 represent habitable environments or if 1150 00:43:18,069 --> 00:43:16,400 we are fortunate also have bio potential 1151 00:43:19,670 --> 00:43:18,079 biosignatures in them that we wish to 1152 00:43:21,589 --> 00:43:19,680 investigate further 1153 00:43:22,790 --> 00:43:21,599 but there are also many other kinds of 1154 00:43:25,349 --> 00:43:22,800 questions 1155 00:43:28,069 --> 00:43:25,359 we heard earlier about how mars climate 1156 00:43:29,910 --> 00:43:28,079 changed it changed enormously 1157 00:43:32,870 --> 00:43:29,920 and an important thing to understand is 1158 00:43:34,710 --> 00:43:32,880 that we have no idea why mars was so 1159 00:43:36,390 --> 00:43:34,720 different in its early history and we 1160 00:43:37,750 --> 00:43:36,400 hope that if we bring back rocks and 1161 00:43:39,030 --> 00:43:37,760 study them in terrestrial 1162 00:43:41,510 --> 00:43:39,040 laboratories they'll tell us something 1163 00:43:43,670 --> 00:43:41,520 about that so i guess the idea is that 1164 00:43:45,910 --> 00:43:43,680 we have a broad set of scientific 1165 00:43:48,309 --> 00:43:45,920 objectives that we believe the samples 1166 00:43:50,390 --> 00:43:48,319 can and will be used for and the key 1167 00:43:52,950 --> 00:43:50,400 really is diversity we will collect a 1168 00:43:54,790 --> 00:43:52,960 diversity of samples this reflects not 1169 00:43:56,790 --> 00:43:54,800 only our understanding of what questions 1170 00:43:58,309 --> 00:43:56,800 are likely to be answered but also 1171 00:44:00,150 --> 00:43:58,319 recognizing that 1172 00:44:01,750 --> 00:44:00,160 decades from now there will be many 1173 00:44:04,150 --> 00:44:01,760 other kinds of questions that we can't 1174 00:44:06,390 --> 00:44:04,160 presently foresee so having a diverse 1175 00:44:08,069 --> 00:44:06,400 sample suite is is the best way to 1176 00:44:10,069 --> 00:44:08,079 approach that 1177 00:44:11,670 --> 00:44:10,079 collection of the cash 1178 00:44:13,430 --> 00:44:11,680 great thank you ken 1179 00:44:15,910 --> 00:44:13,440 and we have some questions from social 1180 00:44:17,190 --> 00:44:15,920 media the first one is from tor 1181 00:44:18,950 --> 00:44:17,200 and he is 1182 00:44:21,270 --> 00:44:18,960 in the uk 1183 00:44:22,870 --> 00:44:21,280 and he's been building his own lego and 1184 00:44:24,950 --> 00:44:22,880 connex rover 1185 00:44:27,990 --> 00:44:24,960 for a month and waiting for the launch 1186 00:44:29,430 --> 00:44:28,000 of mars 2020. so he would like to know 1187 00:44:30,710 --> 00:44:29,440 and perhaps tanya this might be a good 1188 00:44:33,349 --> 00:44:30,720 one for you 1189 00:44:38,950 --> 00:44:33,359 how can you fit an entire entire science 1190 00:44:44,309 --> 00:44:41,510 so part part of what makes this 1191 00:44:47,349 --> 00:44:44,319 particular rover so special 1192 00:44:50,470 --> 00:44:47,359 is that we don't have to fit an entire 1193 00:44:53,190 --> 00:44:50,480 science laboratory in this rover for 1194 00:44:55,990 --> 00:44:53,200 example as ken mentioned 1195 00:44:58,069 --> 00:44:56,000 the biosignatures we can look for will 1196 00:45:00,309 --> 00:44:58,079 probably be something microscopic and 1197 00:45:02,870 --> 00:45:00,319 there is just no way to bring a 1198 00:45:05,030 --> 00:45:02,880 microscope a real microscope that we 1199 00:45:06,069 --> 00:45:05,040 would use on earth to the surface of 1200 00:45:07,030 --> 00:45:06,079 mars 1201 00:45:09,190 --> 00:45:07,040 so 1202 00:45:11,270 --> 00:45:09,200 this special rover and its special 1203 00:45:13,109 --> 00:45:11,280 sampling and caching equipment is 1204 00:45:15,829 --> 00:45:13,119 designed to 1205 00:45:18,309 --> 00:45:15,839 store the samples and eventually the 1206 00:45:24,069 --> 00:45:18,319 samples will come to earth and then we 1207 00:45:31,030 --> 00:45:27,030 that said there are there's yeah 1208 00:45:35,030 --> 00:45:33,349 that ken mentioned so there's watson 1209 00:45:37,829 --> 00:45:35,040 there is sherlock there are all these 1210 00:45:40,390 --> 00:45:37,839 instruments that can allow us to look at 1211 00:45:42,470 --> 00:45:40,400 some rock textures and look for some 1212 00:45:43,750 --> 00:45:42,480 organic material 1213 00:45:45,510 --> 00:45:43,760 so 1214 00:45:48,069 --> 00:45:45,520 we can know a lot even just by looking 1215 00:45:50,150 --> 00:45:48,079 at rocks and mars 1216 00:45:52,069 --> 00:45:50,160 thank you tanya uh next question this 1217 00:45:54,950 --> 00:45:52,079 might be a good one for pharah uh 1218 00:45:57,030 --> 00:45:54,960 pharaoh since you're about mobility 1219 00:46:00,790 --> 00:45:57,040 this is a question about keeping camera 1220 00:46:02,390 --> 00:46:00,800 lenses clear of debris and dirt how do 1221 00:46:03,750 --> 00:46:02,400 you do that with the nav cameras that 1222 00:46:07,990 --> 00:46:03,760 are going to be 1223 00:46:12,470 --> 00:46:10,150 so on landing we actually the cameras 1224 00:46:15,109 --> 00:46:12,480 are covered with camera covers which 1225 00:46:16,550 --> 00:46:15,119 protects the cameras from that dust 1226 00:46:18,950 --> 00:46:16,560 so we've tried to keep the cameras as 1227 00:46:21,190 --> 00:46:18,960 clean as we can right now and then after 1228 00:46:22,870 --> 00:46:21,200 the landing sequence will fire we'll 1229 00:46:24,950 --> 00:46:22,880 fire some pyros to get rid of those 1230 00:46:27,349 --> 00:46:24,960 camera covers and that should give us 1231 00:46:29,910 --> 00:46:27,359 really clear vision on mars 1232 00:46:32,550 --> 00:46:29,920 other than that typically we don't tend 1233 00:46:34,870 --> 00:46:32,560 to get too much sand accumulating on the 1234 00:46:37,750 --> 00:46:34,880 cameras that are up on the turret 1235 00:46:39,670 --> 00:46:37,760 so we don't worry too much about that 1236 00:46:41,829 --> 00:46:39,680 and we also benefit sometimes from the 1237 00:46:44,710 --> 00:46:41,839 winds that service cleaning events for 1238 00:46:47,510 --> 00:46:44,720 any dust that might get up there 1239 00:46:49,270 --> 00:46:47,520 great thank you farah the next question 1240 00:46:51,270 --> 00:46:49,280 is from brittany wright 1241 00:46:53,109 --> 00:46:51,280 and brittany wright writes 1242 00:46:55,670 --> 00:46:53,119 i'd love to know what the expected 1243 00:46:57,589 --> 00:46:55,680 lifespan of perseverance is and how you 1244 00:46:59,910 --> 00:46:57,599 go about making repairs to it if 1245 00:47:05,750 --> 00:46:59,920 anything should break or malfunction 1246 00:47:09,510 --> 00:47:06,950 yeah we 1247 00:47:11,750 --> 00:47:09,520 have tested and qualified our hardware 1248 00:47:13,510 --> 00:47:11,760 to one and a half mars years so that's 1249 00:47:15,510 --> 00:47:13,520 longer than the one mars year the two 1250 00:47:17,910 --> 00:47:15,520 earth years that the mission is supposed 1251 00:47:19,349 --> 00:47:17,920 to last the way that we do that we 1252 00:47:21,829 --> 00:47:19,359 actually take it through all the thermal 1253 00:47:23,990 --> 00:47:21,839 cycles the thermal cycles on mars are 1254 00:47:25,430 --> 00:47:24,000 the hardest parts about the hardware 1255 00:47:26,870 --> 00:47:25,440 that could break the hardware and so we 1256 00:47:29,109 --> 00:47:26,880 do that and we make sure that it will 1257 00:47:31,349 --> 00:47:29,119 last through all those thermal cycles 1258 00:47:34,150 --> 00:47:31,359 and we make sure that we our mechanisms 1259 00:47:36,309 --> 00:47:34,160 will move as as many revs as we need 1260 00:47:38,950 --> 00:47:36,319 them to so we've done that 1261 00:47:40,870 --> 00:47:38,960 we expect this to last one mars year now 1262 00:47:42,710 --> 00:47:40,880 the question about what do we do if 1263 00:47:43,750 --> 00:47:42,720 things go wrong is an interesting one 1264 00:47:46,630 --> 00:47:43,760 because 1265 00:47:48,790 --> 00:47:46,640 having operated all of these mars rovers 1266 00:47:51,670 --> 00:47:48,800 there's all kinds of things that 1267 00:47:53,190 --> 00:47:51,680 that just go wrong and it's far away and 1268 00:47:56,150 --> 00:47:53,200 sometimes it doesn't talk to you and 1269 00:47:58,309 --> 00:47:56,160 that's the first problem you notice so 1270 00:47:59,990 --> 00:47:58,319 there are a lot of different methods and 1271 00:48:00,870 --> 00:48:00,000 and a lot of them are in our design 1272 00:48:02,230 --> 00:48:00,880 really 1273 00:48:04,790 --> 00:48:02,240 and i'll just talk to a couple of them 1274 00:48:06,630 --> 00:48:04,800 the first one is that we have redundancy 1275 00:48:09,030 --> 00:48:06,640 in our critical hardware so if the 1276 00:48:11,589 --> 00:48:09,040 flight computer goes bad we have another 1277 00:48:13,109 --> 00:48:11,599 flight computer that can replace it we 1278 00:48:16,470 --> 00:48:13,119 also have something called functional 1279 00:48:18,150 --> 00:48:16,480 redundancy where we have for example we 1280 00:48:20,549 --> 00:48:18,160 can talk directly to the rover from 1281 00:48:22,309 --> 00:48:20,559 earth via uplink and sending it commands 1282 00:48:24,710 --> 00:48:22,319 but we can also send those commands 1283 00:48:27,109 --> 00:48:24,720 through orbiters if for some reason we 1284 00:48:29,670 --> 00:48:27,119 lose the link to the rover um from 1285 00:48:32,150 --> 00:48:29,680 direct to earth so we have those types 1286 00:48:34,630 --> 00:48:32,160 of things it's always harrowing when you 1287 00:48:37,030 --> 00:48:34,640 don't hear from the rover some of some 1288 00:48:39,430 --> 00:48:37,040 great stories about um getting these 1289 00:48:41,589 --> 00:48:39,440 rovers out of difficult situations but 1290 00:48:44,549 --> 00:48:41,599 the the team of operations personnel are 1291 00:48:46,829 --> 00:48:44,559 very well experienced and suited to to 1292 00:48:49,589 --> 00:48:46,839 help the rover whenever it has some 1293 00:48:51,750 --> 00:48:49,599 problems great thank you jennifer and 1294 00:48:53,990 --> 00:48:51,760 actually one more question for you and 1295 00:48:56,390 --> 00:48:54,000 this one's from michael jackal and he 1296 00:49:02,150 --> 00:48:56,400 writes what is the hardest part about 1297 00:49:07,270 --> 00:49:04,870 well perseverance is a very complicated 1298 00:49:09,829 --> 00:49:07,280 rover i think and i showed you different 1299 00:49:11,750 --> 00:49:09,839 pieces of it during my presentation uh 1300 00:49:13,829 --> 00:49:11,760 the hardest part of this rover there are 1301 00:49:16,710 --> 00:49:13,839 many parts that are hard but the the 1302 00:49:19,750 --> 00:49:16,720 sampling and caching system is a 1303 00:49:21,589 --> 00:49:19,760 robotically complex system you have to 1304 00:49:23,030 --> 00:49:21,599 hand samples back and forth between 1305 00:49:25,750 --> 00:49:23,040 different robot arms through a big 1306 00:49:28,790 --> 00:49:25,760 carousel and then on top of that it has 1307 00:49:30,790 --> 00:49:28,800 to be super clean so that whatever you 1308 00:49:32,549 --> 00:49:30,800 discover is not something that you took 1309 00:49:34,710 --> 00:49:32,559 with you because it wasn't clean enough 1310 00:49:36,470 --> 00:49:34,720 when you launched it so that has been 1311 00:49:38,710 --> 00:49:36,480 the hardest thing to develop on the 1312 00:49:41,109 --> 00:49:38,720 perseverance rover and it's really i 1313 00:49:43,190 --> 00:49:41,119 think a real testament that we the team 1314 00:49:44,790 --> 00:49:43,200 has been able to get that and get that 1315 00:49:47,190 --> 00:49:44,800 to the point where we can collect these 1316 00:49:49,109 --> 00:49:47,200 samples and launch in the 2020 launch 1317 00:49:49,829 --> 00:49:49,119 window 1318 00:49:51,670 --> 00:49:49,839 great 1319 00:49:52,309 --> 00:49:51,680 thank you jennifer well we're coming up 1320 00:49:53,750 --> 00:49:52,319 at 1321 00:49:56,630 --> 00:49:53,760 the top of the hour soon so it's 1322 00:49:58,710 --> 00:49:56,640 probably a good time to wrap the show a 1323 00:50:00,790 --> 00:49:58,720 reminder that tomorrow we have two more 1324 00:50:02,870 --> 00:50:00,800 briefings about the march 2020 1325 00:50:05,430 --> 00:50:02,880 perseverance rover mission uh the first 1326 00:50:06,870 --> 00:50:05,440 one's at 2 p.m eastern and that's on 1327 00:50:08,790 --> 00:50:06,880 sample return 1328 00:50:11,109 --> 00:50:08,800 uh that should be a real good one and 1329 00:50:13,750 --> 00:50:11,119 then two hours later at 4 pm eastern we 1330 00:50:15,349 --> 00:50:13,760 have one on march 2020 mission tech and 1331 00:50:17,910 --> 00:50:15,359 humans to mars 1332 00:50:20,390 --> 00:50:17,920 so those are two good media briefings 1333 00:50:22,870 --> 00:50:20,400 tomorrow a reminder of course that july 1334 00:50:25,670 --> 00:50:22,880 30th is the opening of our launch period 1335 00:50:29,510 --> 00:50:25,680 and commentary will start on july 30 at 1336 00:50:31,430 --> 00:50:29,520 7 00 am and 7 50 a.m is the first 1337 00:50:33,109 --> 00:50:31,440 opportunity for launch that day 1338 00:50:34,790 --> 00:50:33,119 don't forget to follow the mission on 1339 00:50:38,230 --> 00:50:34,800 social media at 1340 00:50:40,150 --> 00:50:38,240 nasa persevere on twitter and facebook 1341 00:50:42,670 --> 00:50:40,160 and please feel free to join the 1342 00:50:44,950 --> 00:50:42,680 conversation using the hashtag 1343 00:50:47,750 --> 00:50:44,960 poundcountdown to mars 1344 00:50:49,349 --> 00:50:47,760 so that's it from here at ksc press site